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In the last few decades there has been much debate on the convergence theory of the general and the particular aspects of this process. It has, however, resulted in a lot of controversy, debate and confusion as to how one should measure and interpret the convergence. We show that misspecification sources need to be carefully taken into account. We have tested the hypothesis about convergence of the agricultural support policy both in the regional and global approach. We have analyzed two approaches to the convergence process, the so called β-convergence and σ-convergence in the agricultural support policy. We measure the effects of a policy with the size of retransfer of economic surplus according to the OECD methodology. Research included years 1986-2006 and concerned a group of states, belonging to the OECD, with diverse levels of economic development. The research showed a limited character of the investigated phenomenon. In spite of the premises being an evidence of the effect of processes of liberalization and globalization of the world economy and the agreements in the area of agriculture reached within the framework of the WTO we did not confirm the hypothesis about an absolute convergence of the size of retransfers. We can observe only a regional conditional convergence which means the existence of several separable points of convergence. This shows that in the process of globalization of the farming sector still the key role play national policies of the states dominating in the world market.
W artykule poruszana jest problematyka międzynarodowej konkurencyjności produkcji rolniczej UE. Autor wskazuje, że sprawy te stały u podstaw kolejnych reform Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej.
The issue of risk management is important in agriculture because production variability of the results is dependent on several natural factors. Given the negative implications of the financial interventionism, associated with subsidizing agricultural business insurance, or „offering” disaster compensations (ad hoc), a deeper utilization of market or quasi-market risk management instruments, including catastrophic bonds (CAT) may be noted. This article assesses the potential utilization of CAT as instruments for risk management in agriculture, with a particular attention to the situation of the sector in Poland. The research objectives are as follows: (1) to discuss tasks of modern agricultural policy in the process of catastrophic risk management in agriculture, (2) to presence of mechanism of CAT, (3) to evaluate possibilities of utilization of CAT in agriculture in the light of the results of foreign empirical studies. Sustainable development of the agricultural sector is possible, among others, due to its link to financial infrastructure. Promoting risk management tools offered by the private sector or the form of public-private partnerships should be recommended. The underdevelopment of the financial infrastructure, offering innovative risk management instruments (including CAT) indicates the urgent need to introduce regulatory changes (including the area of good governance), to facilitate the introduction of new tools on free-market principles. Prudent utilization of innovative financial instruments should be regarded as a positive quality change. This forms an incentive for further structural changes in the Polish countryside. Through a deeper networking between research institutes operating for agriculture and its surroundings, as well as the entities constituting the infrastructure risk management in agriculture, the process of collecting and analyzing the data necessary for the pricing financial instruments related to, catastrophic risk management in agriculture (including CAT) would be possible
Jedną z form energii odnawialnej jest biomasa. W Polsce istnieje duży potencjał wytwórczy energii z biomasy również w sektorze rolnym. Strategia UE wskazuje na zwiększenie udziału w użytkowania energii pochodzącej ze źródeł odnawialnych, w tym i z biomasy. Wytyczne w tym zakresie zostały przyjęte w Narodowych Strategicznych Ramach Odniesienia na lata 2007-2013. Formułują one najważniejsze wyzwania dla kraju i cele, w tym dotyczące wyrównania szans rozwojowych i wspomagania zmian strukturalnych na obszarach wiejskich. Jedną z szans na podniesienie konkurencyjności sektora rolnego jest wykorzystanie potencjału energii pochodzącej z odpadów biomasy.
The paper aims at determining the competitive position of agri-food products manufactured in Poland in intra-Community trade and at establishing the changes in the competitive capacity of Polish agri-food sector on the European Single Market under the conditions of possible implementation of the new WTO agricultural agreement or failure to implement it. The ex post analysis and projection of changes in the competitive capacity of Polish agri-food sector in intra-Community trade was performed with the use of selected set of quantitative indicators of international competitive position and computable general equilibrium model drawn up by the Global Trade Analysis Project. Also some selected groups of agri-food products manufactured in Poland were divided into types according to their level of competitive advantages on the European Single Market. For the purpose we used the Ward method, from among the group of hierarchical agglomerative clustering methods. It was proved that until 2015 Polish food products would have a stronger competitive position on the European Single Market than raw materials. It was also emphasised that labour-intensive products should be still ranked among the most competitive products in intra-Community trade.
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