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Cell cycle checkpoints are the surveillance mechanisms monitoring both the fidelity and accuracy of DNA replication and the segregation of chromosomes. By delaying progression through the cell cycle, checkpoints provide more time for repair before the critical phases of DNA replication and ensure the proper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. The paper provides basic information about the molecular mechanisms operating in various cell cycle checkpoints activated by DNA damage or disturbances in mitotic spindle assembly.
If two related species come into contact, it could be expected that, in order to coexist, they will either shift their niches apart from each other or one species will replace the other in the course of ever growing competition. Recently, two starling species, the indigenous Red-winged Starling and the exotic European Starling, came into contact in some places in Lesotho (southern Africa). In this paper, some breeding parameters of these species have been compared in an area of their co-occurrence. Studies were carried out in an urbanised habitat in Lesotho, in four consecutive breeding seasons (August–March) during the years 1998–2001. The average density of the Redwinged Starling was 13.8 pairs 100 ha⁻¹, while that of the European Starling was 9.3 pairs 100 ha⁻¹. The proportion of the Red-winged Starling to European Starling breeding pairs (1.0:0.7) was strikingly constant over the four consecutive breeding seasons. Most Red-winged Starling breeding territories (78%, N = 56) were located within builtup areas, while most European Starling territories were located either within built-up areas (25%) or on the border of built-up areas and open areas (59%, N = 41). Most Red-winged Starling nests (96%) were situated in buildings (N = 46), while European Starling nests were located both in tree holes (43%) and in buildings (57%, N = 28). Both starling species show high nest site tenacity. The Red-winged Starling daily activity pattern during the nestling phase differed considerably from that of the European Starling. Although both starling species do not overlap their feeding niches and daily and seasonal activities, their sympatric occurrence in urbanised habitats may be limited, if suitable nesting sites are lacking.
In northern Italy, the native European hare (Lepus europaeus) and the introduced Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) can occur together at a local scale, as a result of cottontail introduction and expansion into the European hare range. Hare populations are limited in Italy by habitat loss, diseases, and most important by overhunting, and many areas within hare range in northern Italy are undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact. Therefore, quantitative studies on resource selection and exploitation by both species will be of great interest to evaluate the degree of habitat overlap and to search for exploitation competition evidences. We studied habitat selection during resting time by both species in two areas where they occur alone and in one area where they occur together. Habitat selection by the two species was examined at micro- and macro-habitat scales during autumn–winter and spring–summer. Both species selected ecotonal zones between arboriculture stands and crops and between arboriculture stands and spontaneous vegetation (i.e., herbaceous, bush, and woody permanent species), which were the less available in the area of sympatry. No habitat shifts were evident at macro-habitat level because the two species showed a differential micro-habitat use within patches. On the whole, it seems that habitat heterogeneity promoted daytime segregation between the two species. In particular, edges between crops and canopy habitats should be improved, thus reducing chance of intra- and inter-specific encounters.
The use of trophic and spatial resources in a guild composed of five species of insectivorous mammals (Galemys pyrenaicus, Talpa europaea, Neomys fodiens, Sorex coronatus, and Sorex minutus) was studied. The characteristics of the macrohabitat were studied based on data from trap lines. Those pertaining to the microhabitat were examined through a study of the sites where each animal was caught. The diet was studied by analysis of the digestive tract as well as the availability of resources in various microhabitats. The results show a high level of segregation in the use of trophic resources. The microhabitat used on the ground surface has a low level of segregation among the shrews. A comparison of the diet of each species with the results from the invertebrate sampling carried out in different microhabitats (water, subsoil, humus, ground surface) shows that there is a relation between the food consumed and its availability in the microhabitats utilised by each species. This study suggests that the coexistence among the insectivorous species studied may be ex­plained by the use of the microhabitat and diet segregation. The differences in diet would be a consequence of the use of different microhabitats. Servicio de Conservacion de la Biodiversidad, Gobierno de Navarra, C.I Alhóndiga 1, 31002 Pamplona, Spain (EC); Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universität de Barcelona, Avgda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (JG)
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