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Evaluation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seed germination in relation to seed health and seedling emergence

100%

Rosinska A., Dorna H., Szopinska D., Irzykowska L., Seidler-Lozykowska K.

Herba Polonica

|

2018

|

tom 64

|

nr 3

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is an important medicinal plant. Achenes of milk thistle contain sylimarin, protecting liver cells against toxic compounds. The aim of the research was to find an optimum method of evaluation of milk thistle seed germination. Ten seed samples were tested. The seeds were germinated: on top of blotter paper, on top of blotter paper after seed disinfection, between pleated blotter paper, in rolled blotter paper and in sand. Germination at the first and final counts, the percentages of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were determined. The correlation coefficients between seed germination, evaluated with various methods, and seedling emergence were calculated. Moreover, fungi associated with seeds and diseased seedlings were identified. The lowest percentage of normal seedlings was observed after germination on the top of blotter. Highly significant positive correlations were noted between seedling emergence and seed germination at the final count evaluated in rolled paper, between pleated paper and in sand. The fungi from genera:Alternaria, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and Verticillium were frequently identified on seeds and seedlings. Infestation with fungi significantly affected milk thistle seed germination and plant emergence. Germination in rolled blotter paper may be recommended for evaluation of milk thistle seed germination, as the most practical and significantly correlated with seedling emergence.

2

Laser irradiation effects on scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica L.) seed germination and seedling emergence

100%

Krawiec M., Dziwulska-Hunek A., Sujak A., Palonka S.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus

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2015

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tom 14

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nr 2

Laser stimulation is a non-expensive and environmentally safe way of the improving of seeds quality. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of He-Ne laser irradiation on the germination parameters of scorzonera seeds. Seeds were characterized with different quality expressed by germination capacity. Experimental material consisted of 4 lots of scorzonera seeds having initial germination capacity between 50.8 and 93.0%. Seeds were treated with laser He-Ne light of surface power density of 3 mW·cm-2 and the time of exposition of 0 (control), 1, 5, 10 and 30 minutes. After pre-sowing stimulation of seeds the following parameters were estimated: germination energy, germination capacity, mean germination time, speed of germination, hypocotyl length, length of radicle, fresh and dry weight of seedling, field emergence, mean emergence time and speed of emergence. Pre-sowing laser treatment resulted in increasing of the several parameters such as germination energy, germination capacity, speed of germination, hypocotyl and radicle length, as well as fresh and dry weight of seedlings. Laser light stimulation was the most effective in the case of low quality seeds (initial germination capacity of 50.8%). Irradiation of the seeds belonging to this group also resulted in the increase of the seedling emergence and the speed of emergence.

3

Betula pendula seed storage and sowing pre-treatment: effect on germination and seedling emergence in container cultivation

100%

Tylkowski T.

Dendrobiology

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2012

|

tom 67

Irregular seed crop in Betula pendula (Silver Birch) is a reason to create seed reserves, ensuring nursery production in years of crop failure. This study investigated the effects of seed moisture content and storage temperature on germinability and seedling emergence in container cultivation. Mature catkins were collected separately from 3 trees. The mixture of winged nuts and scales was dried to 3 levels of moisture content and stored at 3°C, –3°C and –10°C. After storage for 3, 5 and 6 years, the seeds were separated from scales and next dewinged and sorted in acetone into empty and filled seeds. Cleaned nuts were germinated in the Jacobsen germinator. Besides, to assess seedling emergence, seeds were sown on the surface of peat mixed with perlite, in multi-cell trays under a plastic tunnel. Significant differences in germinability were detected depending on the mother tree, seed moisture content and storage time. The viability of seeds stored at –10°C remained unchanged for 6 years regardless of moisture content (ca. 8–12%). Seeds stored at higher temperatures lost their germinability faster. An unexplained increase in seedling emergence was observed after extended seed storage at –10°C, in contrast to a gradual decrease in seedling emergence after extended storage at –3°C.

4

Effect of seed dressing on pea [Pisum sativum L.] plants. II. Somatic injuries

100%

Roszko A., Adamus A., Rozek S., Gil M.

Folia Horticulturae

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1993

|

tom 05

|

nr 1

5

Propagation of Japanese maple Acer palmatum Thunb. from seeds

100%

Tylkowski T.

Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu. Ogrodnictwo

|

2000

|

tom 31

|

nr 1

6

Emergence and mortality of seedlings in some apple [Malus x domestica Borkh.] progenies

100%

Piestrzeniewicz C., Andziak J., Odziemkowski S., Andziak E.

Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research

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2006

|

tom 14

7

Effect of vernalization and some growth regulators on sweet pea plant development

100%

Chojnowski M., Grzesik M.

Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin

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2003

|

tom 58

8

Effects of pelleting of onion seeds on their health and germination and seedling emergence

100%

Dorna H., Tylkowska K.

Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu. Ogrodnictwo

|

2000

|

tom 31

|

nr 1

9

Effects of dormancy breaking in stored seeds on germinability and seedling emergence of Tilia platyphyllos

84%

Tylkowski T.

Dendrobiology

|

2006

|

tom 56

79-84

Fruits of large-leaved lime dried to 10% may be stored for 16 years in sealed containers at –3°C without loosing seed viability. Dormancy of seeds, extracted from hard fruit coats, may be released after chemical scarification in concentrated sulphuric acid for 10 minutes, followed-by stratification without any medium (chilling) at the temperature of 3°C, for 20–24 weeks, i.e. until the first seeds start to germinate. After such pretreatment, during the germination test conducted at alternating temperatures 3~15°C (16 + 8 hours/day) seeds germinate near 90% in several weeks. For seedling production scarified and stratified seeds should be sown in early spring into trays under a plastic tunnel which ensures a high percentage of seedlings emergence. Sowing of the pretreated seeds in spring in a open nursery gives poor results.

10

Dormancy breaking, germination, and seedling emergence from seeds of Crataegus submollis

84%

Bujarska-Borkowska B.

Dendrobiology

|

2007

|

tom 58

9-15

Effects of several stratification variants on seed dormancy breaking were compared in Crataegus submollis Sarg. (hairy cockspur-thorn or Quebec hawthorn). Ripe seeds were collected (in October), cleaned, and dried to a moisture content of 7–12%. Seed dormancy in this species was broken most effectively by warm-cold stratification of nutlets, in a substrate or without any substrate, at 15~25°/3°C or 20~30°/3°C, i.e. with a cyclically alternating warm stage (16+8 hrs or 24+24 hrs/cycle) lasting 16–20 weeks, followed the cold stage lasting ca. 20 weeks, i.e. till the appearance of the first germinating seeds. After stratification, emergence rate is equally high (ca 50%) at cyclically alternating temperatures of 3~15°C and 3~20°C (16+8 hrs). Chemical scarification of nutlets in 96% sulphuric acid for 3 hrs, followed by warm-cold stratification at 20~30°/3°C, with a short, 4-week warm stage, also ensures a high emergence rate (58%). Seed desiccation (in nutlets) slowly to a moisture content of 10–12%, after stratification in a substrate or without any substrate as well as after scarification, results in a reduced emergence rate, especially if seeds are dried to the lower moisture content. Seed storage (in nutlets after drying to a moisture content of 10%) for 10 years at –3°C, does not decrease the emergence rate (93%) after stratification at 20~30°/3°C in a substrate, with a cyclically alternating warm stage (24+24 h) lasting 16 weeks.

11

Seed dormancy breaking in Crataegus pedicellata

84%

Bujarska-Borkowska B.

Dendrobiology

|

2008

|

tom 60

51-56

The effects of stratification and scarification on seed dormancy breaking were compared in scarlet hawthorn (Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. = C. coccinea L). Ripe fruits were collected (in October) and the extracted nutlets were cleaned, and dried to a moisture content of 9–12%. Seed dormancy in this species was broken most effectively by warm-followed-by-cold stratification of nutlets, in a substrate or without any substrate, as well as at 15~25° or 20~30°C, i.e. with a cyclically alternating warm stage (16+8 hrs or 24+24 hrs/cycle) lasting 16–20 weeks, followed by the cold stage at 3°C lasting ca. 20 weeks, i.e. till the appearance of the first germinating seeds. After stratification, emergence rate is equally high (ca 76%) at cyclically alternating temperatures of 3~15°C or 3~20°C (16+8 hrs). Chemical scarification of nutlets in 96% sulphuric acid for 2 hrs, followed by warm-cold stratification at 20~30°/3°C, with a short, 4-weeks warm stage, also ensures a high emergence rate (85–93%). Seed desiccation (in nutlets) slowly to moisture content of 12–14%, after stratification in a substrate or scarification does not reduce the seedling emergence of seeds. Emergence decreased when seeds were desiccated after stratification without any substrate. Results provide new methods of breaking of dormancy and high germination and emergence of hard-coated Crataegus seeds in controlled conditions.

12

Effects of Abietinella abietina extracts on the germination and seedling emergence of Picea crassifolia: results of greenhouse experiments

84%

Wang Q., Zhao C., Gao Y., Gao C., Qiao Y., Xie H., Wang W., Yuan L., Liu J., Ma W., Li W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2016

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tom 64

|

nr 3

Moss cushion plays an important role in recruitment of vascular plants. In this study, we examined the effects of water soluble extracts (WSE) of Abietinella abietina on germination of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and the effects of moss substrates (A. abietina) on seedling emergence of P. crassifolia in two greenhouse experiments. We found that the WSE of moss affected germination of P. crassifolia in two ways: (1) the WSE reducing the risk of fungal infection to the seeds, improve the germination rate; and (2) the WSE affects germination by its concentration, that is, low concentrations of WSE (i.e., 0.5 mg ml⁻¹ and 5 mg ml⁻¹) stimulate, while high concentrations (i.e., 50 mg ml⁻¹) inhibit it. In seedling emergence experiments, we detected that the moss substrates (both thick and thin mosses) facilitate the emergence of P. crassifolia in dry and intermediate moisture conditions, but inhibit it in moist conditions. In bare soil, the P. crassifolia emergence was also controlled by moisture conditions; the highest (60%) and the lowest (35%) emergence occurred in the moist conditions and dry conditions, respectively. We also found that P. crassifolia seedlings were thinner and taller, but their number higher in moss cushion than in bare soil. Thus we conclude that there is nurse effect of A. abietina cushion on recruitment of P. crassifolia in both dry and intermediate moisture conditions.

13

Improving seed germination and seedling emergence in the Juniperus communis

84%

Tylkowski T.

Dendrobiology

|

2009

|

tom 61

47-53

The observed juniper decline, lack of natural regeneration, and disappearance of numerous populations of the common juniper in Poland, were the major reasons for initiation of research on its sexual propagation and seedling production. This study shows that seed dormancy in this species is broken by warm-cold stratification at 15°C/3°C, for 14+12 weeks, respectively. Seed drying for 72 h at room temperature in the middle of the warm phase (i.e. after 4–8 weeks of stratification at 15°C) and the following cold stratification at 3°C, cause a significant increase in seed germination capacity at cyclically alternating temperatures of 3~15°C, and in seedling emergence in growing trays (67 cells each) in a greenhouse. However, seedling emergence was over 2-fold to 4-fold lower in an open nursery than in the greenhouse. After sowing in the nursery, secondary dormancy was probably induced, because some seeds germinated in the following year. Some very young, 2-year-old seedlings started to produce male or rarely female cones. This study also showed that soil conditions of mother plants can influence the pattern of seed germination and seed ling emergence.

14

Growth and yield of cucumber under no-tillage cultivation using rye as a cover crop

84%

Jelonkiewicz M., Borowy A.

Acta Agrobotanica

|

2009

|

tom 62

|

nr 1

In the first two years of study, method of cultivation did not affect the emergence of cucumber seedlings. In the third year, a drought occurring during the spring was the cause of poor seedling emergence on no-tilled plots. Six weeks after seed sowing, the shoots of cucumbers grown on the no-tilled plots were much shorter, especially in the last study year. At the time of cucumber seed sowing, no-tilled soil contained less phosphorus and potassium and in the middle of the fructification period the content of these elements in cucumber leaves was higher under no-tillage cultivation. Additional spring fertilization of rye with ammonium nitrate resulted in a higher N-NO3 content in soil and later in a higher nitrogen content of cucumber leaves. The content of calcium and magnesium in soil and than in cucumber leaves was independent of the cultivation method. In the first two years, method of cultivation did not affect the yield of cucumber fruits and in the third year the yield was much lower under no-tillage because of poor seedling emergence. Moreover, in the third year the fruits were smaller and dry matter content of the fruit was significantly higer under no-tillage cultivation.

15

Seed vigour testing for predicting field seedling emergence in Fagus sylvatica L.

84%

Jensen M.

Dendrobiology

|

2002

|

tom 47 Supplement

A vigour test that can predict the field emergence percentage of tree seeds accurately has long been a wish from growers. A new test method, the Critical Root Length (CRL) vigour test, was developed for beech seeds on the basis of the length of primary roots, germinated seeds can produce during a specified test. Pretreated, imbibed seeds were germinated in a vertically positioned moist paper roll during 20days at 15°C in 12 hour light daily. Root length of normally germinated seedlings was recorded and correlated with field emergence percentage to obtain a critical root length for the ability to emerge in the field. Critical root length for Fagus sylvatica was found to be 45 mm. The percentage of normally germinated seeds with roots longer than 45 mm in the CRL test is a predicted estimate of the field emergence percentage of a seed lot. Results of two tests on 5 and 10seed lots showed generally good correlation between CRL predicted emergence and actually obtained field seedling emergence. Large variation in root length was found between and within seed lots, thus displaying large differences in seed vigour. The new test is an applied, easy and inexpensive vigour test developed for nurserymen and seed technicians in order to predict field emergence more accurately.

16

Breaking of seed dormancy, germination and seedling emergence of the common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.)

84%

Bujarska-Borkowska B.

Dendrobiology

|

2002

|

tom 47 Supplement

The most advantageous time for collecting fruits of the common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) falls on October, when they are fully ripe. The stones extracted from the fruits must be dried at room temperature to the moisture content of about 10%. The dormancy of the common hawthorn seeds can be overcome by their stratification in a moist medium in one of the three thermal regimes: - 25°/3°C (16 weeks at 25°C followed by 15-18 weeks at 3°C, i.e. to the time when the first seedlings start to appear) - 20~30°/3°C (16 weeks at 20~30°C (16+8 hrs/day) followed by 15-18 weeks at 3°C, i.e. to the time when first seedlings start to appear) - 20~30°/3°C (16 weeks at 20~30°C (24+24 hrs) followed by 15-18 weeks at 3°C, i.e. to the time when first seedlings start to appear) Having been stratified, the seeds germinate vigorously (in 3-5 weeks) and at a high percentage at temperatures of 3~10°, 3~15°, 3~20° and 3~25°C, (16+8 hrs/day) and the seedlings emerge at 3~20°C (16+8 hrs/day) in 4-6 weeks. Storage for one year at -3°C in the case of the seeds dried after harvest to the moisture content of 10% does not reduce their germination capacity. Stones scarification in concentrated sulphuric acid for 120 minutes followed by stratification at 3°C has an adverse effect on seed emergence at the temperature 3~20°C (16+8 hrs/day). It is recommended that stratified seeds should be sown into the still cool soil at the end of March or the beginning of April, as the increased temperature induces the secondary dormancy in seeds.

17

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum L.R.Br.] seedling establishment under variable soil moisture stress

84%

Misra A. N.

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum

|

1994

|

tom 16

|

nr 2

18

A vigour test for quality assessment of stored beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) nuts

84%

Tylkowski T.

Dendrobiology

|

2002

|

tom 47 Supplement

Many seed lots of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) nuts are characterized by various levels of infection with pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Cylindrocarpon spp. Favourable conditions for fungal infection of beechnuts are created especially during their long-term provisional storage without earlier drying to the moisture content of 8-10%. Strongly infected seed lots are not suitable for long-term storage. During the pre-sowing treatment of seeds by stratification without medium, fungi develop under the moist conditions and infect many healthy seeds. To assess the quality of beechnuts, a vigour test has been developed. Seeds removed from the pericarp (4 replications of 50 nuts each) are placed in boxes between two layers of moist tissue paper and incubated at 25°C for 120 hours. After this period decayed seeds (mouldy seeds) are excluded, and the remained are subjected to embryo viability by the tetrazolium test. When the percentage of decaying seeds (including those with necroses) does not exceed 10-15%, such seed lot can be used for long-term storage. If the percentage exceeds 50%, the seed lot should be considered unsuitable both for storage and for pre-sowing treatment, because only a very small proportion of seeds will emerge in the nursery.

19

Influence of matriconditioning of Setaria macrostachya L. seeds on germination, seedling emergence and stress tolerance

84%

Grzesik M., Nowak J.

Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research

|

1997

|

tom 05

|

nr 3-4

20

Seedling emergence in the endangered Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa [Sm.] Ball in Southwest Spain

84%

Juan R., Pastor J., Fernandez I., Diosdado J. C.

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica

|

2006

|

tom 48

|

nr 2

Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa is an endangered species in southwest Spain, with seed dormancy as found in other species of the same genus. This study employed different experiments to determine a method to improve the seedling emergence in this species. Three types of seedling emergence trials were performed: (a) untreated seeds under greenhouse conditions, (b) untreated seeds under natural conditions, and (c) treated seeds under greenhouse conditions, with different acids (sulphuric, hydrochloric and nitric) for 10 and 30 min, followed or not by cold stratification for 3 months. In all trials, seeds derived from both mature and immature cones were used to verify which one produced higher seedling emergence. Previously, seed viability was verified and a proper substrate for greenhouse sowing was selected. The best percentage of seedling emergence was obtained in the "a” and "b" trials. In trial "a", seeds derived from immature cones germinated significantly better than mature ones. Chemical scarification of seeds with or without cold stratification yielded less seedling emergence than the other trials.

Ograniczanie wyników

Evaluation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seed germination in relation to seed health and seedling emergence

Laser irradiation effects on scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica L.) seed germination and seedling emergence

Betula pendula seed storage and sowing pre-treatment: effect on germination and seedling emergence in container cultivation

Effect of seed dressing on pea [Pisum sativum L.] plants. II. Somatic injuries

Propagation of Japanese maple Acer palmatum Thunb. from seeds

Emergence and mortality of seedlings in some apple [Malus x domestica Borkh.] progenies

Effect of vernalization and some growth regulators on sweet pea plant development

Effects of pelleting of onion seeds on their health and germination and seedling emergence

Effects of dormancy breaking in stored seeds on germinability and seedling emergence of Tilia platyphyllos

Dormancy breaking, germination, and seedling emergence from seeds of Crataegus submollis

Seed dormancy breaking in Crataegus pedicellata

Effects of Abietinella abietina extracts on the germination and seedling emergence of Picea crassifolia: results of greenhouse experiments

Improving seed germination and seedling emergence in the Juniperus communis

Growth and yield of cucumber under no-tillage cultivation using rye as a cover crop

Seed vigour testing for predicting field seedling emergence in Fagus sylvatica L.

Breaking of seed dormancy, germination and seedling emergence of the common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.)

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum L.R.Br.] seedling establishment under variable soil moisture stress

A vigour test for quality assessment of stored beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) nuts

Influence of matriconditioning of Setaria macrostachya L. seeds on germination, seedling emergence and stress tolerance

Seedling emergence in the endangered Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa [Sm.] Ball in Southwest Spain