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Biebrza National Park (BNP) in NE Poland is one of the least polluted regions of Europe and as such seems to be well suited for the determination of the composition of natural-background pollution of atmospheric dust. Samples of fallen dust were collected at monthly intervals between April 2003 and March 2004 in the isolated settlement of Grzędy. X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope images, and energy dispersive spectrometry revealed quartz, feldspars, micas, kaolinite, chlorite and hematite as major dust constituents. In addition, a few grains of Ni, Ni-Fe phosphide, and Fe-Ni-Cr oxides (probably of extraterrestrial origin) were observed. Anthropogenic constituents include amorphous aluminosilicates, barite, gypsum, Sn, Fe, Ti and Bi-W oxides. Quartz and feldspars constitute the majority of natural-dust pollution in BNP. Both grain size and mineral composition exhibit seasonal variations.
From a data set of observations of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration, Turbidity in Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU) and fluorescence-derived chlorophyll-a at a mooring station in Liverpool Bay, in the Irish Sea, we investigate the seasonal variation of the SPM: Turbidity ratio. This ratio changes from a value of around 1 in winter (minimum in January— February) to 2 in summer (maximum in May—June). This seasonal change can be understood in terms of the cycle of turbulence and of the phytoplankton population that affects the nature, shape and size of the particles responsible for the Turbidity. The data suggest a direct effect of phytoplankton on the SPM:Turbidity ratio during the spring bloom occurring in April and May and a delayed effect, likely due to aggregation of particles, in July and August. Based on the hypothesis that only SPM concentration varies, but not the mass-specific backscattering coefficient of particles bbp *, semi-analytical algorithms aiming at retrieving SPM from satellite radiance ignore the seasonal variability of bbp * which is likely to be inversely correlated to the SPM:Turbidity ratio. A simple sinusoidal modulation of the relationship between Turbidity and SPM with time helps to correct this effect at the location of the mooring. Without applying a seasonal modulation to bbp *, there is an underestimation of SPM in summer by the Ifremer semi-analytical algorithm (Gohin et al., 2015) we tested. SPM derived from this algorithm, as expected from any semi-analytical algorithm, appears to be more related to in situ Turbidity than to in situ SPM throughout the year.
Seasonal changes of infection were observed in the case of some species of ectoparasites: Trichodina domerguei domerguei, T. tenuidens, Gyrodactylus arcuatus, and Thersitina gasterostei, as well as for endoparasites: Glugea anomala, Schistocephalus solidus, Diphyllobothrium ditremum, and Proteocephalus filicollis. Same seasonal changes in frequency of developmental stages were observed in the case of females T. gasterostei. The highest level of infection with ectoparasites was observed in spring and summer and was probably an effect of increase of the reproductive activity with increase of temperature. Infection with tapeworms was generally low and was a result of feeding activity and fish diet.
Pelage characteristics of the masked shrew Sorex cinereus Kerr, 1792, were studied with emphasis on season, age and gender to determine the relationship of fur to life history characteristics. A total of 140 shrews was collected from 1985-1989 at five montane sites in Virginia. Hair length (mm) and hair density (no. of hairs/mg fat-free skin) were measured to identify the extent of pelage variation. Shrews caught in winter had significantly longer (4.4 mm) and more dense (8100 hairs/mg) hair than shrews caught in summer (3.6 mm and 7767 hairs/mg, respectively). Age class had a significant effect on hair density in summer; immature shrews (age class I) had the greatest median hair densities (7985 hairs/mg) of any age class. Old adults (age class IV) had the lowest hair density during both summer and winter, possibly reflecting an old-age molt. Females had significantly higher hair densities (8301 hairs/mg) than males (7509 hairs/mg) during summer. Due to the lower energy costs of morphological adjustments compared to physiological changes, alteration of pelage in S. cinereus may be an important mechanism to decrease total energy demands as has been described in many other small mammals.
The seasonal variations in the cholesterol content in butter in relation to the fatty acid compositions were studied. No statistically significant differences in the cholesterol content depending on the season of the year were found. The differences in the cholesterol content in butter manufactured conventionally or continuously were also insignificant (p=0.05). The analysis of correlation showed statistically significant (p=0.05) dependence between the butter cholesterol content and iodine value (r=0.47), volatile fatty acids content (r=-0.38), and the C16:0/C18:0 ratio (r = 0.36).
The importance of small-scale heterogeneity in local factors which overrides that of larger-scales factors, suggest that local factors play a major role in determining the richness and prevalence of larval digeneans in intertidal gastropods. The restricted distribution of the snail Heleobia australis along a 500 m transect in Cangrejo creek (Mar Chiquita, Argentina) provides a good opportunity to test the assumption that a study at spatial scale of 100s meters can detect spatiotemporal fluctuations of a larval digenean assemblage. To analyze that, 3600 specimens of H. australis were collected seasonally during the year 2011. A quantitative variation and a space-time interaction between sampling points and seasons of the year for the total prevalence of larval digeneans and snail’s densities were found, as well as a positive correlation with abiotic factors. These results revealed that the fluctuations in the community of larval digeneans of the snail H. australis can be detected at small spatial scale, using its natural distribution of 500 m. This study also highlights the importance of seasonality as a factor that must be considered in studies focused on the search for patterns structuring the communities of larval digeneans, at medium and large scales.
The aim of the present study was to analyse the Rumex pollen season dynamics in Lublin in 2001-2010 and to find relationships between season parameters and meteorological conditions. This study was carried out by the volumetric method using a Lanzoni VPPS 2000 trap. The start and end dates of each season were determined based on the 98% method. The effects of meteorological factors on the Rumex pollen seasons were analysed by employing Spearman’s correlation test. On average, the sorrel pollen season started on 13 May (±7 days), ended on 7 September (±6 days), and lasted nearly four months (±9 days). The highest pollen concentrations were recorded in June and July. A significantly negative correlation was found between season duration and Seasonal Pollen Index (SPI). During shorter pollen seasons, higher pollen counts were recorded. In all study years, the seasons were right-skewed. The pollen concentration was most strongly correlated with humidity and mean air temperature. The season parameters (onset, end, peak date, peak value, SPI value) were primarily dependent on air temperature before and during the pollen season.
This study is the first investigation on seasonal dynamics of parasites component community of the Aequidens tetramerus from an Amazon River tributary, in Northern Brazil. A total of 239,2407 parasites were recovered from 92 hosts examined from February to October 2011. Such parasites included Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tripartiella tetramerii and Trichodina nobilis (Protozoa), Dolops longicauda (Argulidae), Gussevia alioides, Gussevia disparoides (Monogenoidea), Digenea metacercarie, Pseudoproleptus larvae, Anisakidae larvae (Nematoda), Proteocephalidea plerocercoid (Eucestoda) and Gorytocephalus spectabilis (Acanthocephala). Ciliates were the most dominant and abundant taxon, while cestodes were the least prevalent. The parasites showed seasonal variation in their infection dynamics associated with environmental changes during the Amazonian drainage season, except the infection with I. multifiliis. The parasites community in A. tetramerus was also characterized by higher diversity, species richness and uniformity during the drainage season when compared to Amazon flood season. With the exception of T. tetramerii, these parasite species are new records for A. tetramerus.
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