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Changes in hydrotime model parameters were determined in Matricaria maritima L. subsp. inodora seeds during burial in a field in order to describe the seasonal dormancy pattern. Seeds were exhumed at regular intervals over a year and incubated at different water potentials at 19°C. Germination time courses were analyzed to determine hydrotime population parameters. Values of ѱb(50), ѲH and σѱb varied each month. Mean base water potential values in seeds exhumed each month were related to precipitation over 20 days before their exhumation. Soil temperature could be a trend-controlling factor of this relationship. The seeds were in deep dormancy after remaining 80-90 days in soil below or above limit temperature 15°C. The application of the hydrotime model to describe and predict seasonal dormancy patterns of weed seed is promising, especially for species with a considerable diversification of life strategies and ecophysiological flexibility of diaspores. It could also suggest mechanisms of seasonal dormancy changes of seeds in natural conditions and provide a basis for their examination. One of advantages of the dormancy pattern description of weed seeds remaining in a soil bank by means of threshold models is its simplicity.
The stomach content of 74 wild boars harvested in the Zielonka Game Investigation Centre in 2005-2007 were analyzed. According to the hunting management schedule and the cycles of forest and farmland food occurrence, three research seasons were selected and compared with respect to the trophic behaviour of wild boar. As many authors claimed, the animals extraordinarily tended to eat mainly the feed supplied to the forest. Such a disruption in the natural use of the food niche in the forest environment, resulting from an irrational feeding policy, interferes with the natural trophic role of this species.
The seasonal pattern of singing activity was studied in the Poznań region, W Poland. Males sang from mid-March till late July with a song rate varying between 3.2 and 11.1 songs/min. Song activity peaked at the beginning of the breeding season, in late March and April. In following months males also sang at quite a high rate, but the probability of finding a singing male within the territory was lower. Males sang mainly from tree tops and power lines at a height between 8 and 10 m. Males with larger numbers of neighbours had a significantly lower mean song rate than those with a single neighbour. Most probably, males with more neighbours had to spend more time on more active and direct territorial defence, and/or listening to the song of other males. The pattern we found suggests that song is mainly used in territorial defence against rivals, and that it is used as a first line of defence. Nevertheless, this does not preclude its usefulness for attracting a mate.
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A 1-year aeromycological study was conducted in the area of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, in order to establish seasonal variations in the composition and concentration of aeromycota. Sampling was carried out at 3 locations: the city centre, the Pharmaceutical botanical garden and the mountain of Medvednica, at regular intervals using the Mas 100 Eco Air-sampler with Sabouraud-dextrose agar. Airborne fungi peaked during spring and summer (110–284 cfu/m3), while lower levels were detected in autumn and winter at each of the 3 sampling sites (6–128 cfu/m3). Significantly lower concentrations were found in Medvednica region (p<0.01) during most sampling periods. Yeasts were present in higher concentrations in autumn and winter (11–46 cfu/m3) than during spring and summer (9–11 cfu/m3) in the city centre and botanical garden. In the Medvednica region, yeasts were found at significantly lower concentrations than at other locations only during the autumn and winter (1–16 cfu/m3). The dominant fungi contributing to these differences were species of Cladosporium, Penicillium and Alternaria. These genera comprised between 30.4–79.5% of the samples. Other stable components of aeromycota were Fusarium, Aspergillus and sterile mycelia (11.1–44.0%). Total counts of airborne fungi as well as individual counts of Cladosporium and Alternaria showed significant positive correlations with temperature and solar radiation (p<0.05). Alternaria also showed a significant correlation with wind speeds while Cladosporium was negatively correlated with atmospheric pressure (p<0.05). Yeasts showed a significant positive correlation with relative humidity, yet were negatively correlated with temperature and solar radiation in the city centre and the botanical garden. In contrast, a significant positive correlation in the case of yeasts was observed in the Medvednica region with respect to temperature and solar radiation (p<0.05).
Activity of soil dehydrogenase (DHA) was measured in the mineral soil in a forest stand of 15 to 16-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from geographically diverse populations, as an indicator of biological activity of soil microorganisms, in a provenance experiment in Poland. The pine populations originated from six European countries (Sweden, Russia, Latvia, Poland, Germany, France) and differed widely in aboveground biomass and productivity. Soil DHA during two growing seasons showed pronounced seasonal variability, which was significantly related to the fine root concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates. Higher DHA was found in soil under canopies of the central and southern European populations than in those from more northern parts of the Scots pine range. Significant positive correlation between soil DHA and aboveground tree biomass suggest that these patterns most likely resulted from differences in carbon dynamics and productivity among populations.
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