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Seasonal dynamics of sediment in the Ciemiega River

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Dynamics of sediment amount in the Ciemiega river water during three months of the 1996 vegetative period and its comparison with similar data from 1975 are discussed in this paper. A spectrophotometric method was used to determine water turbidity as a measure of sediment concentration in water.
The authors pay attention to an occurrence of the taxon Ceratophyllus sciurorum sciurorum (Schrank, 1803) (Siphonaptera) in Slovakia during the whole season. The curve of occurrence this taxon of fleas has showed two high points. The first top has been achieved in April and second one followed in October. In December the authors have noticed a period and named it "cocoon block". This course of the curve has been found at the species from family Myoxidae, mostly. On the other hand, the course of curve of the birdboxes nesters has the opossite position, the high points have been recorded in autumn. A conspicuous differences has been probably caused by different biology of nesters of Myoxidae and birds in boxes. The ratio of males to females these ecological groups of hosts was different, too.
The seasonal dynamics of ozone concentration and air temperature for an open and a forest plots on Ecological Experimental Site (EES) was studied. The EES in Western Carpathians (Central Slovakia) is situated in submountain beech forest on 500 m a.s.l. in Kremnické vrchy Mts. The measurements (passive method) were realized for 1999–2003 years. The mean monthly values of concentration of ground level ozone follow a natural course (range 34–60 μg m⁻³), with one or two peaks in the growing season. No significant difference between open area and forest stand was found. The daily critical limit of 65 μg m⁻³ was exceeded eight times. The exceeded values of the ozone concentration are influenced by climate factors, primarily air temperature. Longrange transport of pollutants influence them to greater extent that it was supposed initially. The annual mean ozone concentration corresponds to the situation in the whole Central-European region. The values measured in submountain beech forests were however lower compared to the industrial agglomerations.
Growth rate and age structure of Zonitoides nitidus (O. F. Müller) were studied based on monthly samples from a population in Muszkowice (SW. Poland). The life cycle is probably a three-year cycle: juveniles hatch from June till October, and winter over at a size of 2.0–4.5 whorls. The growth rate is ca. 0.5–1.0 whorl/month.
Results of the first study on species composition, abundance and seasonal dynamics of histerid beetles inhabiting dung in western Poland are presented. Beetles were sampled over two years by using pitfall traps. The 14 species collected were dominated by Margarinotus carbonarius which made up almost 60% of all recorded specimens. Less numerous was Saprinus aeneus (30%). Histerid beetles were observed since April till October. Most recorded specimens were observed during spring.
The phytoplankton in the inner Neva Estuary is described from data obtained from 1996 to 2000.T he seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton biomass are characterized by a bimodal curve with a summer maximum.T he average seasonal biomass was approximately 3 mg l−1, the maximum biomass was 8–11 mg l−1. The species composition and quantitative parameters were compared to those observed in the 1980s.A notable, nearly 1.5–2 fold, increase in the biomass in the summer–autumn period and the predominance of Oscillatoria species among the blue-green algae were observed.A decline in the nutrient load in the water body at the end of the 1990s appeared to be insufficient to bring about a decrease in the proportion of Oscillatoria algae in the total species composition or a decline in the biomass of the entire phytoplankton community. In 2000 a certain change in the structural composition of the phytoplankton complex was noted.S pecies that had been predominant in the 1980s and had lost their advantage in the early 1990s, regained their earlier status.
Blood parasites of Chaffinches caught from June to October near Łuknajno Lake (Mazurian Lakeland) were studied. Only parasites belonging to the genera Haemoproteus were found. A decrease in prevalence as the season progressed was observed. No differences in blood parasite infections in relation to the sex of the birds were found. Also males body weight was not affected by the presence of parasites.
Two important lady beetle species commonly found in alfalfa fields in Iran are the variegated lady beetle Hippodamia variegata Goeze and the seven spotted lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). These two species attack many aphid species including the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this study, the seasonal population changes of A. pisum, H. variegata, C. septempunctata and the parasitoid, Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were studied in alfalfa fields in the 2012 and 2013 seasonal periods. The highest ladybird densities were noted on July 5, 2012 and on September 6, 2013 (17.2±2.8 and 13.4±1.6) individuals per 20 sweeps, respectively. Parasitism rates by D. coccinellae ranged from approximately 3 to 6% in two subsequent years, respectively. Parasitism was higher early in the growing season. Most parasitised ladybirds were females. There was no significant relationship between the temperature and relative humidity with pea aphid populations, although the aphid populations declined during the hot summer period. In contrast, the relationship between temperature and the H. variegata population was significant and positive in both years of the study. It has been shown that these lady beetle species have a major role in reducing the pea aphid populations in alfalfa fields. Due to the relatively low percentage of field parasitism by D. coccinellae, this parasite might not reduce the biocontrol efficiency of lady beetle species.
The cambial activity and periodicity of secondary xylem and phloem formation have been less studied in tropical tree species than in temperate ones. Cambium activity is the only source of timber production. Studies on its activity and xylem formation can provide helpful data for dendrochronology and possible factors that control tree growth, the yield and quality of wood. Cinnamomum camphora is an important fast-growing tree for furniture and sculpture wood in South China. Its dynamics of cambial activity was not reported. During the growth season in 2011, five trees of Cinnamomum camphora plantation were monitored on the campus of Huazhong Agricultural University in central china (located on 113°41’ to 115°05’ E and 29°58’ to 31°22’ N). Sampling time was from 13, February 2011 to 13, February 2012. Some small stems of 15–20 cm length were selected to sample in the middle of 2–3 years old health branches in the central crown of these trees. The observational study found that the cambium of camphor trees was active from March to October and dormant from November to February. Onset of cambial cell division was observed in early March, one week after sprouting of new buds. The morphology of the cells and number of cell layers in the cambium zone varied throughout the year. In early March, cambium reactivated with the rising of temperature, the cell wall was relative thick. The number of cell layers increased from 2–3 in middle Feb. to 3–5. In June, the number of cell layers in cambium reached the maximum of 5–7 in a radial direction. In mid March, phloem cells began to differentiate, followed by xylem three weeks later. The number of cell layers in immature phloem and xylem increased dramatically before mid June and the increment of cell layers in xylem was almost fifth times of phloem in the differentiating process. The phloem cells mainly stopped dividing new cells in end of October, but xylem cells were still in the activity a week later. The annual activities of cambium was in accordance with the air mean temperature change in 2011–2012. The results showed that the cambial activity and formation of xylem and phloem were related to the environmental factors, especially the temperature.
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