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Subject of the study are changes of the water temperature occurring on the Polish Baltic coast during years 1951-2010 (in Kołobrzeg, due to deficiencies in the data, for the years 1957-2010). It is expressed in the form of a linear trend. The study was based on the monthly average temperature of the sea water in the following stations: Świnoujście, Międzyzdroje, Kołobrzeg, Władysławowo, Hel and Gdynia. For most of analyzed stations an increase in average annual temperature of the water were observed. The largest one was recorded in Gdynia. In Świnoujście there were no significant changes in water temperature except for the slight its drop in June. A significant increase in the water temperature occurred in Międzyzdroje in February, March, April and May; in Kołobrzeg in January and March; in Władysławowo in January, February, March, April and June and in Hel and Gdynia in February, March, April, May, July and August. The greatest changes were in April in Hel and Gdynia.
Direct measurements of the backscattering coefficient bb require the determination of the Volume Scattering Function (VSF) and its integration over a backward hemisphere. In sea water they are difficult and are therefore carried out very rarely. That is why the backscattering coefficient is much more frequently obtained with so-called single angle scattering meters: these operate by measuring the VSF for a fixed angle region of the backward hemisphere. This article examines the spectral variability of the correlation between directly measured backscattering coefficients and VSFs. Also presented are the averaged slopes of VSF spectra, measured in southern Baltic waters over a wide range of scattering angles.
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The paper discusses the scattering of radiation by a Baltic crude oil –sea water emulsion. The scattering spectrum calculated using the Mie solution in the spectral range from 380 nm to 730 nm is compared with the measured spectrum of light scattered through a right angle. Spectra in the wavelength range from 210 nm to 730 nm were measured using a spectrofluorimeter for fresh and stored samples of the Baltic crude oil emulsion. Scattering increases with wavelength in the UV range and then decreases slightly with the wavelength of visible light. The result of the calculation is similar to the measured spectra. Both the calculated and measured spectra display numerous relative extremes throughout the spectral area. Light scattering in the emulsion decreases during storage as the oil concentration in the medium diminishes. The results also demonstrate that the single scattering model describes the phenomenon correctly.
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