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The precision of insect number determination in forest litter using a method, in which the sample element comprised 10 plots of 0.5 m2 each, was compared with that of the method, in which the sample element consisted of one plot of 5 m2. Investigations were conducted in four pine stands aged 59-80 years. The number of cocoons of Diprioninae found in the litter was counted. It was found that the precision of the compared methods was very low at a slight density of cocoons and it increased with an increase in their density. It would not be justified to say that the two compared methods of measurement for sawfly cocoon density differ in terms of their precision.
Recently, outbreaks of pine sawfly (Diprion pini [L.]) became one of the most relevant stresses resulting in widespread deterioration of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris [L.]) conditions in Central and Northern Europe. At the beginning of the 1990s Lithuania experienced the largest outbreak of Diprion pini L. Field studies were carried out in middle-aged pine stands, exhibiting different degrees of damage caused by pine sawfly, in order to examine the resultant changes in Scots pine defoliation and death probability. “Mirror effect” in defoliation changes from tree decline to recovery was detected. If in the period of pest outbreak the largest pine trees, crown condition of which had been better than that of the other, suffered the most serious needle losses, then in the period of recovery these trees recovered most intensively. Intensity of tree mortality was in relation to stands mean defoliation degree. However, the relative diameter of dead trees did not differ among stands significantly (p>0.05) as suppressed trees died first. No threshold for crown defoliation, exceedance of which would inevitably result in Scots pine tree death, was found.
Pseudoxyelocerus bascharagensis gen. et sp. nov., the oldest representative of the Tenthredinoidea and Xyelotomidae, based of a single forewing, and an enigmatic “Symphyta” family incertae sedis, based on a hindwing, are described from the Toarcian of Luxembourg. The relationships of the genera currently included in Xyelotomidae are briefly discussed. The genera Undatoma, Liaotoma, Leridatoma, and Davidsmithia have the unique apomorphy in the wing venation of the Tenthredinoidea minus Xyelotomidae. The Xyelotomidae is probably a paraphyletic family. Only a phylogenetic analysis will help to solve these problems. There is no evidence supporting the previous assignments of the fossil genera Vitimilarva and Kuengilarva to the family Xyelotomidae.
Plants that were infested by the wheat stem sawfly emitted significantly increased amounts of the secondary metabolites linalool, linalool oxide, ß-farnesene, ß-caryophyllene, and 4-heptanone in comparison to uninfested plants. Wheat plants parasitized by Fusarium species also have emitted volatiles. The amount of volatiles released varied by infective species of Fusarium and volatile patterns varied over time for both sawfly infestation and pathogen infection. Plants that were stressed by both herbivory and pathogens emitted even greater amounts of certain volatiles. Surprisingly, larval sawfly mortality was much greater in plants infected by Fusarium species, and both mortality and the rate of volatile release varied by Fusarium. The role of these plant volatiles are further discussed in the context of defensive plant responses to Fusarium and sawfly infestation.
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