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In order to demonstrate that silicate (SiO3-Si) can be used as an indicator to study upwelling in the northern South China Sea, hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) and principle component analysis (PCA) were applied to analyse the metrics of the data consisting of 14 physical-chemical-biological parameters at 32 stations. CA categorized the 32 stations into two groups (low and high nutrient groups). PCA was applied to identify five Principal Components (PCs) explaining 78.65% of the total variance of the original data. PCA found important factors that can describe nutrient sources in estuarine, upwelling, and non-upwelling areas. PC4, representing the upwelling source, is strongly correlated to SiO3-Si. The spatial distribution of silicate from the surface to 200 m depth clearly showed the upwelling regions, which is also supported by satellite observations of sea surface temperature.
Eksploatacja nowoczesnych, wysokowydajnych maszyn wymaga specyficznej organizacji ich pracy. W przypadku wystąpienia nadmiernych przerw lub przejazdów właściciel maszyny narażony jest na wysokie jednostkowe koszty pracy, a przez to utratę znaczącej części zysku z wykonywanych zadań. Szczególnie ważne jest to w warunkach leśnych, gdzie poszczególne zadania są znacznie od siebie oddalone. Bardzo pomocna w analizach organizacji pracy jest technologia wykorzystująca system nawigacji satelitarnej GPS. W artykule zamieszczono wyniki badań wykonane tą metodą, weryfikując jednocześnie przydatność systemu GPS w warunkach leśnych.
This paper is the second part of the description of the first stage of the SatBałtyk project’s implementation. Part 1 (Woźniak et al. 2011, in this issue) presents the assumptions and objectives of SatBałtyk and describes the most important stages in the history of our research, which is the foundation of this project. It also discusses the operation and general structure of the SatBałtyk system. Part 2 addresses various aspects of the practical applicability of the SatBałtyk Operational System to Baltic ecosystem monitoring. Examples are given of the Baltic’s characteristics estimated using the preliminary versions of the algorithms in this Operational System. At the current stage of research, these algorithms apply mainly to the characteristics of the solar energy influx and the distribution of this energy among the various processes taking place in the atmosphere-sea system, and also to the radiation balance of the sea surface, the irradiance conditions for photosynthesis and the condition of plant communities in the water, sea surface temperature distributions and some other marine phenomena correlated with this temperature. Monitoring results obtained with these preliminary algorithms are exemplified in the form of distribution maps of selected abiotic parameters of the Baltic, as well as structural and functional characteristics of this ecosystem governed by these parameters in the Baltic’s many basins. The maps cover practically the whole area of the Baltic Sea. Also given are results of preliminary inspections of the accuracy of the magnitudes shown on the maps. In actual fact, the errors of these estimates are relatively small. The further practical application of this set of algorithms (to be gradually made more specific) is therefore entirely justified as the basis of the SatBałtyk system for the effective operational monitoring of the state and functioning of Baltic ecosystems. This article also outlines the plans for extending SatBałtyk to include the recording of the effects and hazards caused by current and expected storm events in the Polish coastal zone.
This article is the first of two papers on the remote sensing methods of monitoring the Baltic ecosystem, developed by a Polish team. The main aim of the five- year SatBałtyk (2010–2014) research project (Satellite Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Environment) is to prepare the technical infrastructure and set in motion operational procedures for the satellite monitoring of the Baltic environment. This system is to characterize on a routine basis the structural and functional properties of this sea on the basis of data supplied by the relevant satellites. The characterization and large-scale dissemination of the following properties of the Baltic is anticipated: the solar radiation influx to the sea’s waters in various spectral intervals, energy balances of the short- and long-wave radiation at the Baltic Sea surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere over the Baltic, sea surface temperature distribution, dynamic states of the water surface, concentrations of chlorophyll a and other phytoplankton pigments in the Baltic water, distributions of algal blooms, the occurrence of upwelling events, and the characteristics of primary organic matter production and photosynthetically released oxygen in the water. It is also intended to develop and, where feasible, to implement satellite techniques for detecting slicks of petroleum derivatives and other compounds, evaluating the state of the sea’s ice cover, and forecasting the hazards from current and future storms and providing evidence of their effects in the Baltic coastal zone. The ultimate objective of the project is to implement an operational system for the routine determination and dissemination on the Internet of the above-mentioned features of the Baltic in the form of distribution maps as well as plots, tables and descriptions characterizing the state of the various elements of the Baltic environment. The main sources of input data for this system will be the results of systematic recording by environmental satellites and also special-purpose ones such as TIROS N/NOAA, MSG (currently Meteosat 9), EOS/AQUA and ENVISAT. The final effects of the SatBałtyk project are to be achieved by the end of 2014, i.e. during a period of 60 months. These two papers present the results obtained during the first 15 months of the project. Part 1 of this series of articles contains the assumptions, objectives and a description of the most important stages in the history of our research, which constitute the foundation of the current project. It also discusses the way in which SatBałtyk functions and the scheme of its overall operations system. The second article (Part 2), will discuss some aspects of its practical applicability in the satellite monitoring of the Baltic ecosystem (see Woźniak et al. (2011) in this issue).
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Vegetation structure in Shahbazgari, District Mardan

80%
The present work was made to investigate the vegetation structure of shrubs and herbs in research area. Total 48 plant species consisting of 7 shrubs and 41 herbs constructing Cenchrus- Zizyphus-Saccharum community from 9 sites in which 9 communities i.e. Fumaria-Rumex- Xanthium community, Cynodon-Solanum-Sonchus community, Cynodon-Sorghum-Alhagi community, Ajuga- Malvastrum-Calotropis community, Cynodon –Convolvulus-Cyperus community, Ajuga-Saccharum-Chenopodium community, Alhagi-Rumex-Euphorbia community, Saccharum-Cannabis-Xanthium community and Achyranthus-Ajuga-Euphorbia community were found. The contribution of total important values by shrubs was 43.78 and 256.2 by herbs. The soil of the area had better calcium carbonate in the range of (11.72 – 12.99 %), with soil pH (6.45 – 8.11). The EC was found in the range of (0.13-0.22 dS m-1). The concentrations of P and K content were found in the range of (3.54-3.92 mg Kg-1) and (111.21-127.14 mg Kg-1). These results highlight the constant need for long-term ground-based conservation monitoring in combination with satellite-based monitoring of changes in vegetation cover.
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