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Within the framework of work on the anatomical structure and durability features of wood, as well as analyses of radial growth, a preliminary analysis was carried out in regard to variation in the heartwood within Black locust trees. The research was carried out in three stands of straight-stemmed trees in western Poland. The variation displayed by the heartwood around its circumference and the eccentricity of the trunks was characterised with reference to: the heartwood radial index (HRI), the cross-sectional shape factor for heartwood (CSsf) and the pith eccentricity index (PEcc). The results confirmed a relationship between the degree of variation around the circumference of the heartwood and the mean age of the stands, while at the same time making clear the high level of differentiation in radial variation at the level of the individual tree. The findings suggest that the fertility of the habitat does not exert much of an influence on the generation of heartwood in Black locust trees. No statistically significant relationship was obtained when the circumferential variation of the heartwood was set against the total height or diameter at breast-height. Only in the case of crown length, and then only at the Wołów site, was there a moderate negative correlation with the coefficients of circumferential variation.
Proportion of sapwood and heartwood in stems of European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) origin from provenances experimental plot. The aim of this work was to statě wether the wood from different provenances of European Larch (Larix decidua Mili.) show differences in proportion of sapwood and heartwood in stems. Research were carried out on 56 trees erepresenting 6 provenances of larch: Bliżyn (10), Czerniejewo (5), Konstancjewo-Tomkowo (3), Krościenko (15), Rawa Mazowiecka-Trębaczew (6), Skarżysko (9). This plot is a part of unique research area established in 1966. Results show important differences between heartwood-sapwood proportion for two provenances: Krościenko - the heighest proportion (largest volume of heartwood) and Bliżyn the lowes proportion (least volume of heartwood). The other provenances show similar proportions.
The study is an attempt to determine share of sapwood and heartwood in stems of European larch trees from II and III class of age, grown in conditions of fresh coniferous mixed forest site (BMśw), fresh forest mixed site (LMśw), fresh forest site (Lśw). The highest hare of heartwood was observed in stems of European larch in conditions of fresh forest site Lśw, and the smallest in conditions of fresh coniferous mixed forest site (BMśw). Differences were also observed within the investigated classes of age, and higher share of heartwood observed in III class of age. The smallest share of heartwood characterized codominant trees and the highest dominant trees (from main tree stand in Kraft classification).
The activation energy of swelling sap of pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) in water. This paper shows the results of the activation energy of swelling sapwood of pine wood in water. The results showed that activation energy value range from 4.8 to 10.7 kJ/mol. It is also noted that its depend on the density.
Influence of thermal modification of Scots pine wood (Pinus syhestris L.) on color changes. This study describes experiments of testing color of heat treated wood samples. Heat treatment was done at 150, 160, 170 i 180 °C during 2,5 h in over heated steam. Color measurcment was made according CIE LCh system. The experiment show that thermally treatment caused darkening of wood. The higher temperature of modification is, the greater changes in color are and difference between sapwood and heartwood are lower. Heartwood of Scots pine showed higher changes than sapwood.
Fungal invasion of Scots pine phloem and sapwood was investigated during a period of 15 weeks following attack by the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.). The study was conducted in Mielec-Mościska, where the pine trees were heavily damaged by shot-feeding of T. piniperda. In order to determine the species richness and occurrence frequency of fungi associated with T. piniperda in temporal succession, living and trap trees infested by T. piniperda were used. Results revealed great diversity of fungi associated with T. piniperda, including 3758 cultures and 57 fungi species. The most important groups of fungi were the blue-stain fungi and molds, including mainly Penicillium, Trichoderma and Mucor genera. Among ophiostomatoid fungi, Ophiostoma minus and O. piceae were the dominant species. Occasionally isolated species were Leptographium lundbergii, L. procerum, L. wingfieldii, Graphium pycnocephalum and Graphium sp. ‘W’. Molds and pathogenic O. minus were the first invaders of both phloem and sapwood, however molds were more frequently isolated from phloem and sapwood at a depth of 5 mm. Ophiostoma piceae and L. lundbergii followed O. minus in the sapwood invasion. These species were successively replaced by L. wingfieldii, L. procerum and Graphium species in the later stages of fungal invasion in pine sapwood.
Emission of volatile organic compounds from cross section of pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.). The level of emission of volatile organic compounds from heartwood and sapwood part of pine wood was determined. The tests were performed according to the chamber method based on the requirements of ISO 16000 standards. Air from the chamber was sampled after 3, 7 and 14 days. Within the whole test period the heartwood sample emitted several times higher amounts of volatile organic compounds than the sapwood sample. In both cases the composition of the analysed air was dominated by terpenes.
Two field inoculation experiments were conducted to study intraspecific variation in vertical spread of the P-, S- andF-IS-group isolates of Heterobasidion annosum in stems of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Abies alba. Host-plants were inoculated with four isolates of each IS group after 10 mm long wounds made with a sterile knife (experiment 1) or 3 mm diameter radial holes made with a drill (experiment 2). On pine, the P-group isolates were more virulent than S andF isolates in terms of infection frequency, mortality rate andvertical spread in sapwood. The S isolates had higher incidence of infection and extensive growth on spruce than on pine. The F isolates were significantly less virulent on pine andspruce than on fir. Vertical spreadof all IS groups on fir was similar. In spite of between-strain-within-IS group variation in vertical spreadon each host, the study provided strong evidence for the occurrence of intraspecific differences in the host preference. In the interspecific analysis with three hosts, the isolates, IS groups andhost × strain andhost × IS group interactions accountedfor most of the explainedvariation, while host-plants accountedfor the smallest portion of the variance.
The study is an attempt to determine variation in the proportions of sapwood and heartwood in the radial and axial sections in stems of common oak (Quercus robur L.), representing the main tree stand (according to Kraft biosocial classification), age classes V (81-100 years) and VI (101-120 years), growing in the fresh mixed forest and fresh forest sites. Sample trees were selected according to Urich I method from four plots (of 1 ha each). For each model tree its crown projection area was determined. After felling all necessary biometric traits of tree stem and live crown were measured. Stems were divided into 2-metre sections, from which centres discs were cut in order to determine selected wood macrostructure parameters and volumes of sapwood rings and heartwood cylinders. Additional discs were cut from breast height and kerf planes of trees. When analyzing results for individual discs and trees arithmetic means of widths (or volumes) of studied wood zones were used. During the study the irregularities were determined of sapwood and heartwood zones in stems. Strong and plus interrelations were found between crown volume and crown projection area (as area of cylinder external surface) and sapwood area at the cross stem section, although some of the correlation coefficients were not significant. Large variation was observed in the proportions of volumes of sapwood and heartwood in individual Kraft’s biosocial classes. Differences were also found in sapwood and heartwood radial share between age classes, and rather small differences between forest site types.
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