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Two wave theories are applied in calculations of longshore sediment transport rates: the second Stokes approximation and the cnoidal theory. These approaches are used to model sand motion in nearshore locations beyond and within the surf zone. Wave-current interaction in the nearbed layer and bed shear stresses are solved using a momentum integral method, whereas sediment transport is described by a three-layer model encompassing bedload, contact load and suspended load. Computational results for asymmetric waves are compared with the results obtained using linear wave theory and the conventional sediment transport models of Bailard (1981), Bijker (1971) and Van Rijn (1993).
The paper discusses the notion of a layer of sandy sediments overlying a substratum of cohesive deposits in the coastal zone. This layer of sand is generally more mobile and is therefore conventionally referred to as the dynamic layer. Its parameters are important to coastal lithodynamic and morphodynamic processes caused by waves and currents. On the other hand, the dynamic layer is formed by nearshore hydrodynamic impact. The variability of the features of the dynamic layer on the southern Baltic dune and cliff shores in Poland is analysed on the basis of selected geological data supported by local seismo-acoustic field investigations. It appears that the conventional notion of the dynamic layer makes sense only in specific geomorphologic conditions. In such cases, mostly related to cliff shores, theoretical modelling of sediment transport should take the properties of the dynamic layer into account.
This paper presents results of bacteriological investigations concerning coastal seawater and sandy sediments in the Three-city region at the outlet of four streams: Kacza (KaS), Swelina (SwS), Grodowy (GS) and Kamienny (KmS). The numbers of facultative psychrophilic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria and indicator bacteria (coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal enterococci) were determined. It was found that all streams are carrying fecal bacteriological pollution of human and animal origin which contributes to poor quality of coastal seawater and sandy sediments. The lowest sanitary quality was KaS water, where the number of all indicator bacteria, as a rule, exceeded admissible levels. In sandy sediments of the estuaries of all four streams the average number of indicator bacteria was about one order of magnitude higher than in water. Enterococcus was the bacterial indicator that exceeded single water or sediment sample standards most often.
The sensitivity of bacteria, isolated from coastal marine sediments and waters of Sopot beach, Gdańsk Bay (Poland), to heavy metals in the presence of mineral ship motor oil were studied. All isolated hetero­trophic bacteria were resistant to the 0.1 mM lead concentration occurring in the environment. Metal resis­tance of bacteria isolated from coastal water was strongly related to mineral ship motor oil concentration. At 0.1% mineral ship motor oil (stimulating bacteria growth) Pb and Cd resistance was lower compared to 1% oil concentration. The number of Pb-resistant bacteria, isolated from shoreline sediments, decreased with increasing metal and oil concentrations within the range occurring in the environment. The number of Cd-resistant bacteria at 0.1 mM Cd concentration was slightly stimulated by 1% concentration of mineral ship motor oil.
Free-living Plathelminthes constitute an important component of meiobenthic communities in various marine benthic environments, but research focusing on this group is generally scarce. The current study investigated the free-living interstitial flatworms of the shallow sandy sublittoral zone of the southern Baltic coast. Sediment samples were taken at Hel Peninsula at water depths of 1.5 m and 7 m, and the plathelminths were identified alive to the species level. In total, 22 species were identified. The majority of the species belonged to Kalyptorhynchia and Proseriata, but Acoela recently moved from Plathelminthes into their own phyllum and represented by Mecynostomidae, was the most numerous group. The average total plathelminth densities ranged between 6 and 74 ind. 10 cm–2. The vertical distribution of the plathelminth fauna in the sediments was usually limited to the upper 3–4 cm, except for acoels which penetrated deeper into the sediment layers. The role of both sediment water saturation and oxygen availability appeared to be the main factors limiting flatworm occurrence in the sediments investigated in this study.
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