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The availability of sample data, together with detailed environmental factors, has fueled a rapid increase in predictive modeling of species geographic distributions and environmental requirements. We founded that MaxEnt model has provided different descriptions of potential distributions based on different sample size, sample accuracy and environmental background. We used six combinations based on three sample data set and two kinds of environmental variables to estimate the potentially suitable areas of Brown Eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in MaxEnt model. The results show that the complex variables provided the higher AUC value and accurate potential distribution than simple variables based on the same size of samples. Complicated environmental factors combined with moderate size and accurate sample, can predict better results. The model results were scabrous based on simple environmental factors. Furthermore, big sample size and simple prediction environmental factors will reduce the prediction accuracy, whereas small samples provided a conservative description of ecological niche. Here, we highlighted that considering the big size and high accuracy of sample and many environmental factors of a species to minimize error when attempting to infer potential distributions from current data in MaxEnt model.
To determine the accuracy of radio-tracking estimates of activity and distances walked by European bison Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758), we observed bison while simultaneously conducting radio-tracking in the Białowieża Forest (Poland). Single radio-tracking estimates often did not represent the actual activity of the bison, but the mean time spent active calculated from radio-tracking and direct observations did not differ significantly. Radio-tracking provided overestimates of the distances walked by bison when the animals walked between 0 and 25 m and underestimated the distances walked by bison if they walked further than 25 m in a radio-tracking interval. Activity was best estimated when radio-trackers were between 200 and 300 m from the bison. The mean activity calculated with a sampling interval of 15 min needed about 8 days of radio-tracking and the mean of distances walked about 35 tracking days to stabilise. We concluded that collars without activity sensors can measure the mean activity of bison but cannot represent the length of their activity bouts or the type of their activity and that our radio-tracking estimates of distances walked by bison needed to be corrected before further analyses.
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