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Domestic violence is a difficult topic to research and to write about. It is assumed that we know about only a small part of the violent behavior that occurs, because the victims of violence often decide to conceal the experience. From the statistics we have, we nevertheless know that the scale of the problem is serious. In addition, it seems to be a contentious ideological and political issue; in Poland there has been resistance by some groups to ratifying the Istanbul Convention. Experience in other countries and the idiosyncrasies of rural communities in Poland suggest that it might be even more difficult to analyze the problem of domestic violence in rural families. The very small number of studies and publications on this topic seems to prove the hypothesis. The goal of this article is first to present definitions of domestic violence, the scale of the problem, and the steps taken to prevent violence in rural areas in Western countries, and then to present research into violence in rural areas in Poland.
Albanian society differs from the rest of Europe. It is dominated by the present form of a traditional institution, the patrilineal family, which has evolved over time. Networks of family and kin fulfil several functions undertaken elsewhere by a range of institutions. This structure limits possibilities for women, but it is also a major resource. The changes since 1990, one of the most important being land privatisation, have given rural households more autonomy and, on balance, have had an empowering effect for women, though at the cost of increasing their work and responsibility. Not all changes have been to women’s advantage. In the public sector cuts and shortages have disproportionately affected women, and their representation in political fora has greatly declined.
Basically, women’s empowerment is the process (and its outcomes) in which women – individually and collectively- become active, knowledgeable and goal-oriented actors who take and/ or support initiatives to overcoming gender inequalities. Hence, women’s empowerment refers to a strategy to achieve gender equality as well as to the inherent capacity building processes. Institutional capacity aimed at women’s empowerment is not a clearly defined concept. Yet, effective capacity building requires conceptual clarification and common understanding among institutional actors. Therefore the following questions need to be answered: what do I mean by institutional capacity? How can it be developed? More specifically, how can it contribute to rural women’s empowerment and gender equality?
Zidentyfikowano potrzeby i oczekiwania doradczych przedsiębiorczych kobiet wiejskich oraz oceniono funkcjonowanie systemu doradztwa i edukacji na rzecz aktywizacji gospodarczej kobiet. Badania przeprowadzono w 2005 roku i objęto nimi: kobiety prowadzące działalność gospodarczą na obszarach wiejskich (231 przedsięwzięć gospodarczych) oraz doradców ODR (58 doradców). Badania przeprowadzono na obszarze północnej Polski oraz w województwach mazowieckim i wielkopolskim. Główną metodą badawczą był sondaż diagnostyczny z zastosowaniem kwestionariusza wywiadu. Z badań wynika, że istnieje potrzeba różnicowania zarówno programów edukacyjnych, jak i ofert doradczych skierowanych do kobiet aktywnych ekonomicznie. Ważnym jest, by skutecznie wspierać zarówno przedsięwzięcia o charakterze innowacyjnym, jak i przedsięwzięcia określane jako „przedsiębiorczość socjalna", których dalszy rozwój wymaga kreowania różnych form współpracy, działania w systemie, tworzenia grup formalnych i nieformalnych oraz aktywności integratorów zewnętrznych, pozwalających na szeroką promocję i sprzedaż wyrobów i usług. Konieczne jest również usprawnienie systemu informacji i stworzenie zarówno doradcom, jak i przedsiębiorcom technicznych możliwość korzystania z tego systemu.
Dokonano charakterystyki sylwetki przedsiębiorczych kobiet wiejskich oraz określono uwarunkowania rodzinne aktywności gospodarczej kobiet wiejskich. Badania przeprowadzono w 2005 roku i objęto nimi 231 aktywnych gospodarczo kobiet wiejskich. Obszar badań obejmował celowo wytypowane do badań gminy o obrębie sześciu województw: zachodniopomorskie, pomorskie, warmińsko-mazurskie, podlaskie, mazowieckie i wielkopolskie. Główną metodą badawczą byt sondaż diagnostyczny z wykorzystaniem kwestionariusza wywiadu. Wykorzystanie w opracowaniu wyników badań z 1995 pozwoliło na dokonanie analizy porównawczej pionowej w latach 1995-2005. Wyniki badań wykazały, że aktywność zawodowa kobiet wiejskich znacząco wpływa na organizację życia rodzinnego. Najczęściej aktywność gospodarczą podejmowały kobiety w wieku 36-45 lat, przy średniej wieku 43 lata, o ustabilizowanej sytuacji rodzinnej. Jednocześnie zauważono, że wraz ze wzrostem wieku dzieci, wzrasta aktywność gospodarcza kobiet. Może to być związane z większą dyspozycyjnością kobiet po usamodzielnieniu się dzieci, gdyż rzadko mają one pomoc w prowadzeniu gospodarstwa domowego i sprawowaniu opieki nad dziećmi. Działalność gospodarczą częściej podejmują kobiety lepiej wykształcone, a poziom ich kwalifikacji pozostaje w ścisłej zależności z nowoczesnością zarządzania i osiąganymi wynikami ekonomicznymi firm.
Oceniono poziom innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw prowadzonych przez l biety wiejskie. Badaniami objęto 231 przedsięwzięć gospodarczych. Główną mel dą badawczą był sondaż diagnostyczny z zastosowaniem kwestionariusza wywia Badania przeprowadzono w roku 2005 w trzech rejonach badawczych: i obejmującym woj. północne (zachodniopomorskie, pomorskie, warmińsko-mazi skie), II - woj. środkowo-wschodnie (podlaskie, mazowieckie) i III - woj. wi kopolskie. Z badań wynika, że poziom innowacyjności firm prowadzonych pr; kobiety na obszarach wiejskich jest w dużym stopniu zróżnicowany regionalr Przedsiębiorcze kobiety wiejskie w regionie środkowo-wschodnim bardzo rzad wprowadzały innowacje. Większość to firmy tradycyjne. Stwierdzono jednak wi przykładów innowacyjnych pomysłów na prowadzenie działalności gospodarczej. Ich rozwój utrudniają przede wszystkim bariery finansowe i popytowe. Należy więc skutecznie wspierać rozwój przedsiębiorstw o cechach innowacyjnych.
Equality between women and men and between different social groups correlates directly with the economic growth of a nation or a region. This is a mutual effect; while economic growth is seen to improve equality between women and men in general, gender equality also entails economic growth. The gender dimension becomes relevant to rural and regional policy if effectiveness and efficiency of public subsidies are called into question. In case of the European Union structural funds policy, the optimum use of human potential is seen as a key concern [13]. Integrating gender equality in rural development also means recognizing the diversity amongst rural women when planning and implementing interventions. They are not a homogenous group and they have different needs and interests because they have different backgrounds with regard to occupation, income, education, age, social class, culture or ethnicity. It should be a strategic objective of rural development policy to create a positive climate for this wide variety of life models of men and women in rural areas.
The utility of biochemical markers of bone metabolism has not been proven in the diagnosis of metabolic diseases of the bone tissue; however they are widely used as a tools for treatment monitoring. Their serum concentrations are influenced by a number of factors, like gender, health status, anthropometric and environmental factors. All the factors listed above should be taken into consideration during clinical use. The aim of the study was to determine the reference values and evaluate the influence of environmental and anthropometric variables on biochemical markers of bone turnover for women from Lublin Region (Poland). Subjects of the study were 188 normal women aged 30-79, all residents of Lublin Region. Analysed markers of bone turnover were: osteocalcin (OC) and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), both assessed using ELISA method. All blood samples were taken and analyzed at the Clinical Chem. Laboratory and Patho-morphology Department at the Institute of Agricultural Medicine in Lublin. The lumbar spine (L2-L4) of all subjects was examined in a-p position using the dual X-ray absorptiometry-DXA (DPX-A LUNAR Corp.) at the Department of Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases of Bone Tissue of Institute of Agricultural Medicine in Lublin. Data pertaining to factors affecting bone tissue were collected using a specially prepared questionnaire. Serum levels of OC and CTX-I in women in every age range were different, generally increasing with age. Serum levels of OC and CTX-I in the analysed population strongly depended of both menopausal status and bone mineral density. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that age and menopausal status variations need to be considered when interpreting laboratory measurements of biochemical markers of bone metabolism.
Introduction. A decreased serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk. However, total HDL is a very dynamic, changeable fraction, and does not perform the function of atherosclerosis markers. In the presented study, the pattern of serum lipids, including HDL-C subclasses (HDL2- and HDL3-cholesterol), in a middleaged Polish Lower Silesia population was defined. Materials and method. A group of 746 males and 1,298 females, aged 35–70, were investigated. All subjects were participants in the PURE study. Mean serum lipid levels were determined for groups selected on the basis of gender, age, cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol and place of residence (urban/rural area). The data were analyzed using STATISTICA 6.0 PL. Results. In multiple linear regression models, age was the most important independent and consistent predictor of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). The prevalence of low HDL-C (threshold 40 mg/dL in males, 50 mg/dL in females) was 16.5% for males and 22.6% for females. This gender-conditioned difference in the prevalence of low HDL-C was greater in rural (20.0% vs. 30.9%, respectively, in males and females) in comparison to urban (14.4% vs. 17.1%) areas. The lipid pattern was significantly worse in rural than in urban females. Female rural inhabitants showed higher triglycerides (TG) and lower HDL cholesterol (total and contained in subclasses HDL2 and HDL3). Simultaneously, a higher BMI, higher percent of smokers and drinkers and lower age of smoking female rural inhabitants in comparison to urban females were estimated. In the total population, cigarette smoking or drinking alcohol were associated with significant increases in TC, LDL-C and TG, also with decreased HDL-C (smoking) or HDL2-C (drinking). Two-way analysis of variance showed the existence of interaction between these risk factors in their influence on HDL-C and HDL3-C. Conclusion. In the middle-aged population of the Lower Silesian region in Poland the place of residence (urban/rural area) had a significant impact on the lipid pattern. This pattern is more atherogenic in rural women than in urban women.
Obesity is a multivariate syndrome which can negatively affect whole body functioning. It is most common in highly developed countries, and in recent years a progressive increase in obesity occurrence is noticeable. The aim of the study was to assess serum lipid profile and metabolic syndrome occurrence among obese rural women from Lublin Region in Eastern Poland. The study was conducted in the Institute of Agricultural Medicine in Lublin (IAM). All subjects had a negative history of diseases and treatment that could affect serum lipid profile or glucose measurements. The inclusion criterion for the study group was overweight and obesity, defined as a body mass index above 25 (BMI>25) and living in a rural area. 44 women participated in the study. There were no women fulfilling the criteria or who had a history of incorrect fasting glucose (IFG) or incorrect glucose tolerance (IGT). In contrast, the prevalence of arterial hypertension (or treatment) was high - 53%. 22.7% women had normal serum TC values. The proportion of those with hyper-LDL-C was 38.6% and with hyper-TG - 18.2%. 20.5% of studied women had incorrect serum HDL-C levels, and in 15.9% hypo- HDL-C was accompanied by high serum TC levels. Analysis of correlation showed that serum TC was positively correlated with both LDL- and HDL-C. 55% of the studied obese or overweight women had at least 2 additional components of the metabolic syndrome.
The paper presents the background of rural women situation in Poland in 90. Traditional rural development associated with the development of the agricultural sector that provides employment for most rural inhabitants is nowadays a thing of the past. Currently, with increased productivity and efficiency of the labour force employed in the sector, the number of people employed mainly in agriculture within the structure of rural population is going down. The future of rural communities, also in Poland, will to a lesser extent depend on agriculture only. Thus, what we need is a new look at work and employment including women’s work in the rural environment in the context of its multi-functional development.
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