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The structure and function of the immune system of pigs are the main subjects of interest to numerous research centers, which is undoubtedly related to the potential of using pig organs in xenotransplantation. Another reason for intensive studies on this subject is the need for secure and effective immunoprophylaxis of pigs and the improvement of their immunological status. The present paper presents the current knowledge on the prenatal ontogeny of lymphocytes in pigs. The ontogeny of pigs’ immune system starts in early gestation. During the prenatal period the system undergoes numerous changes which ultimately result in its achievement of immunological competence. Although the immune system in pigs is physiologically developed already on the 35th day of pregnancy, only a small numbers of lymphocytes and other lymphatic elements can be detected in fetal organs. The hematopoiesis in bone morrow starts around the 45th day of pregnancy. Lymph nodes, including mesenteric lymph nodes, are devoid of their defense function until the 70th day of prenatal life. The most dynamic development of the immune system of pigs takes place between the 60th and 90th day of gestation. To a greater extent, the diffusion of lymphocytes in secondary lymphatic organs occurs after birth, and the intensity of this process seems to be related to the colonization of the gut and enhanced by the contact of newborns with environmental antigens.
The aim of the study was to define the topography, number, size and development, and organization level of DCSL in the 5th, 8th and 14th week of pregnancy in pigs. Examinations were carried out on 25 pig fetuses (at the 40th, 60th and the 97th day of gestation), coming from one breeding farm. The material was fixed in 10% formalin solution before carrying out topological, morphological and histological examinations. Observations concentrated on the dorsal superficial cervical lymph nodes (DSCL). Topological analysis confirmed that DSCL location in fetal life is different than in postnatal life. A slight shift in the caudal-ventral direction was observed during the prenatal development. It was revealed that DSCL have different shapes, with a tendency to oval-shapes in the oldest age group and the growth in size between the 60th and 97th day of gestation is more intense than in length of fetus bodies. One lymph node on each side of the body was observed in the majority of subjects. Histological examinations facilitated observing the development of the histological structures from germs - in the form of accumulated mesenchymal cells with singly transforming lymphoblasts, through to the intermediate stage - with more transforming lymphoblasts and lymphatic nodules lying in the center and in the periphery of lymph node's parenchyma, to the mature fetal lymph nodes - with lymphocytes, and with lymphatic nodules present only in the lymph node's center.
New Zealand white rabbits were given cypermethrin by gastric intubation at the rate of 0, 300, 600 and 1000 mg per 1 kg on the 4th, 10th, 13th and 18th day of their pregnancies. The fetuses were aborted on day 28. AH 166 fetuses were examined for external, internal and skeletal malformations or variations. There was no evidence of teratogenic action of cypermethrin in the rabbits; however, embryotoxic effects were detected. The results may have some value for prenatal toxicology of other mammal species and humans poisoned by cypermethrin, and of some benefit for the ecotoxicology of hares in the area where this pesticide is applied as a plant protection agent.
Oceniono wpływ fenitrotionu, insektycydu fosforoorganicznego, na prenatalny rozwój szczurów. Samice szczura narażano per os na badaną substancję w dawkach 3, 15, 30 mg/kg m.c. od 6 do 15 dnia ciąży. Wyniki badań wskazują, że fenitrotion podawany samicom szczura w okresie organogenezy w dawce 15 mg/kg jest substancją fetotoksyczną. Natomiast w dawce 30 mg/kg prócz działania fetotoksycznego wywiera również działanie embriotoksyczne. W zastosowanym zakresie dawek 3-30 mg/kg badana substancja nie wywiera działania teratogennego.
The aim of the study is to present current knowledge on the mechanisms regulating puberty in mares and the possibility of shortening the intergenerational period in horses through modern animal reproduction biotechnology. The study discusses fetal sex recognition in horses by means of ultrasound, pre- and postnatal development of mare gonads, oogenesis and folliculogenesis, as well as the process of selection and elimination of oocytes. It also describes the role of gonadotropins, ovarian hormonal activity and morphological changes occurring during sexual maturation. It has been shown that about 37% of mares attain sexual maturity in the first year of life. It has also been documented that one-year and two-year-old fillies produce normal embryos that can be used for transplantation and give offspring. It has also been proved that embryos can be produced in vitro from oocytes of juvenile mares. There is hope that acquiring preantral follicles from the ovary and their in vitro culture until the oocyte reaches full maturity for fertilization will permit us to obtain embryos and offspring from mares, including those sexually immature. These methods, combined with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer techniques, have already made it possible to obtain normal embryos and even live-born offspring in other mammals.
Badania przeprowadzono na 117 płodach świni pochodzących z różnych okresów życia płodowego. Analiza morfologiczna wykazała, iż najbardziej nieregularny kształt przyjmowały węzły chłonne tchawiczo-oskrzelowe lewe. Stwierdzono zwiększanie się liczby węzłów chłonnych w badanych ośrodkach chłonnych, co jest częściowo związane ze zjawiskiem „rozchodzenia się” węzłów chłonnych. Badanie mikroskopowe i immunohistochemiczne pozwoliło na prześledzenie stopniowego kształtowania się struktur histologicznych oraz potwierdziło obecność limfocytów T i B od 60. dnia ciąży, przy czym liczba komórek T wzrastała między 82. a 103. dniem ciąży.
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