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Procaspase-9 is the zymogen form of one of the apoptosis initiators, caspase-9. Its cellular location may differ depending on the cell type; it is found throughout the cytosol, although some of it may be associated with the mitochondria. Procaspase-9 relocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria shortly after the triggering of apoptosis in rat hepatocytes. We investigated whether the mitochondrial protein import machineries import procaspase-9. The combined results of protein import analyses, mitochondrial fractionation and protease treatments of intact and swollen mitochondria imply that procaspase-9 attaches to the outer surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
The capabilities of porcine adrenal cortex mitochondria to oxidize glycerol-3-phos- phate (GP) were studied. In comparison with bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria, porcine mitochondria oxidized GP about three times more actively (18.9 vs 6.1 nmol O2/min per mg protein in the presence of ADP) and the activity of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was about four times higher (33.4 vs 8.2 nmol/min per mg protein). In porcine adrenal cortex mitochondria we found similar values for succinate and GP oxidation both in the absence and presence of ADP or deoxycorticosterone (DOC). Rotenone sensitivity of DOC stimulation of GP oxidation indicated that porcine adrenal cortex mitochondria are able to oxidize GP and thus to generate NADPH from GP, presumably via reverse electron transport followed by energy-dependent NADH-NADP transhydrogenation.
Neurodegeneration is often accompanied by protein inclusions which may interfere with cell physiology. On the other hand, alteration in intracellular trafficking may precede impairment of neurotransmission and therefore trigger cell death. In view of this, it is hypothesized that changes in mitochondrial traffic may occur before neurodegeneration triggered by rotenone exposure and could favor this process. The effects of low concentrations of rotenone on the expression of dynein clhl, dynactin and syntaphilin, which are proteins related to mitochondria transport and anchoring, were evaluated in cell cultures of substantia nigra, locus coeruleus and hippocampus as well as in these same brain areas in Lewis aged rats. The results indicate that low concentrations of rotenone decrease dynein clhl protein levels in cell cultures and brain areas of aged rats. Dynactin is decreased after exposure to 0.1 and 0.3 nM of rotenone, and increased after exposure to 0.5 nM of rotenone in cell cultures. Aged rats present increased dynactin expression. Syntaphilin expression decreased in vitro and increased in vivo after rotenone exposure. These findings suggest that changes in protein expression related to mitochondrial retrograde transport and anchoring occur before neurodegeneration induced by rotenone exposure, which may be a primary factor to trigger neurodegenerative mechanisms.
Organic crop production must obey strict regulations. In recent years, it is promoted in Poland by government financial support which has been reflected in Rural Areas Development Plans for 2004–2006 and 2007–2013. Thanks to putting into effect the agricultural and environmental package „Organic production”, Polish farmers can apply for EU surcharges, which are targeted at those who by implementation of organic production do not contribute to environmental pollution. Implementation of organic production forced the farmers to obey the EU Council Regulation No 834/2007 on organic production and labeling of organic products. In other EU countries, farmers growing organic crops have access to a wider range of „ecological” insecticides than do the farmers in Poland; these include such insecticides as spinosad (sum of spinosyn A and spinosyn D), azadirachtin and rotenone. There was then a need to develop an analytical method for the mentioned insecticides before they are registered in Poland. In this work, the QuEChERS sample preparation technique was used prior to ultra performance liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of „ecological” insecticides in plant material (tomato and cabbage) as well as in soil. Very satisfactory analytical performance date were obtained at three spiking levels of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/kg. Limits of determination were 0.01 mg/kg in all cases. The method was used to analyze samples under grant No NN 310 4358 33r, entitled „Application of natural substances in protection of organically grown potato and cabbage”, being in progress in Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute.
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