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1

Effect of different processing techniques on the nutritive value of grass pea, Lathyrus sativus L., seed meal in compound diets for Indian major carp rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings

100%
Ramachandran S., Ray A. K.
Archives of Polish Fisheries
|
2008
|
tom 16
|
nr 2
Six isonitrogenous (35% crude protein approximately) and isocaloric (16.73 kJ g-1 approximately) diets incorporating processed grass pea, Lathyrus sativus L., seed meal at a 30% level by weight into a fish meal – based control diet were fed to rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings (average initial body weight 3.18 ± 0.11 g) in triplicate treatments at the rate of 3% of body weight daily for 80 days, and fish performance was studied. Four processing methods, namely fermentation, extrusion, autoclaving, and germination, were employed prior to the incorporation of the grass pea seed meal into the diets. The fermentation of grass pea seed meal was effective in significantly reducing the anti-nutritional factors, tannins, phytic acid, and the neurotoxin beta-ODAP (beta-oxalyl-diaminopropionic acid). The extrusion of grass pea seed was effective in significantly reducing tannins, trypsin inhibitor, and the neurotoxin beta-ODAP. Autoclaving the grass pea seed meal resulted in the reduction of tannins but was not effective in reducing other anti-nutritional factors. The level of trypsin inhibitor was reduced to non-detectable limits in germinated grass pea seeds. The tannin content was also reduced considerably in the germinated grass pea seed meal. In terms of growth response, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio, 30% fermented, extruded, and germinated grass pea seed meal incorporated diets resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) the best performance of rohu fingerlings. The apparent protein digestibility (APD) values obtained with processed grass pea seed meal were significantly higher as compared to those with raw seed meal incorporated diets (P < 0.05). The accumulation of carcass protein was comparatively higher in the groups of fish reared on diets containing 30% autoclaved, germinated, and extruded grass pea seed meal. The results of this study indicate that processing grass pea seed meal is effective in improving the nutritive value of L. sativus seed meal and that the processed grass pea seed meal can be incorporated into rohu diets up to a 30% level without any adverse effect.
2

Growth and survival of rohu, Labeo rohita [Hamilton] spawn fed diets supplemented with fish intestinal microflora

100%
Ghosh K., Sen S. K., Ray A. K.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
2002
|
tom 32
|
nr 1
A 21-day feeding experiment was conducted to assess the effects of diets supplemented with fish intestinal bacteria producing extracellular enzyme on growth and survival of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) spawn (average weight 0.3 mg). Intestinal bacteria were isolated from healthy rohu fingerlings (average weight 3.51 ±0.31 g). Six isocaloric (4.24 kcalּg-1) and isonitrogenous (approximately 35% crude protein) diets (D1-D6) were prepared containing 32% fish meal, 34% mustard oil cake, 30% rice bran, 2% cod liver oil, and 2% vitamin premix. Experimental diets (D2-D6) were supplemented with the isolated bacterial strain Bacillus circulans Lr 1.1 at five different levels (4 × 105, 4 × 106, 4 × 107, 4 × 108 and 4 × 1010 cells per 100 g of feed, respectively). Rearing of spawn on diet D5 (supplemented with 4 × 108 cells per 100 g) resulted in better growth and survival (97.33 ±1.15%) of rohu spawn compared to those with the control diet (diet D1, without any microflora supplementation) and other experimental diets. Diet D5 resulted in significantly higher growth and specific growth rate (SGR) followed by diets D6 and D4. RNA and DNA contents in the spawn were measured as an index of growth. The correlation coefficient (r value) of 0.831 and regression line having a slope of 0.79 suggested a significant positive correlation (0.01 level) between RNA-DNA ratio and specific growth rate.
3

Optimum dietary carbohydrate requirement of rohu, Labeo rohita [Hamilton], fingerlings

100%
Saha A. K., Ray A. K.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
2001
|
tom 31
|
nr 1
A laboratory feeding trial was conducted for 80 days using rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings (5.67 ±0.25 g) to evaluate the optimum dietary carbohydrate level. Five semipurified diets containing 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% carbohydrate (diets D1 to D5) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fish. All the diets were isonitrogenous (35% protein) and almost isocaloric. Fish performance in terms of average live weight gain (%), SGR (%/day) and FCR was best with 40% carbohydrate level. Significantly (P < 0.05) poor growth of fish also was noticed in the groups reared on diets with 30 and 35% levels of dietary carbohydrate, however, no significant difference in PER and ANPU (%) was obtained with diets D2 and D3. Although no significant difference in apparent protein digestibility was recorded up to 45% dietary carbohydrate level, lipid, ash, dry matter, and energy digestibilities were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the diets D2 and D3. These two dietary treatments also resulted in higher deposition of protein and lipid and lower moisture and ash contents in the fish muscle. Amylolytic and proteolytic enzyme activities also were estimated to be higher in the groups of fish fed 35% and 40% carbohydrate diets. The study indicated that a minimum level of 40% dietary carbohydrate is required (protein content being 35%) for optimum growth, feed conversion and nutrient utilisation in rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings.
4

Feed utilization efficiency and growth performance in rohu, Labeo rohita [Hamilton, 1822], fingerlings fed yeast extract powder supplemented diets

100%
Ghosh K., Sen S. K., Ray A. K.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
2005
|
tom 35
|
nr 2
Background. Yeast extract powder (YEP) is a rich source of several B vitamins and is used mainly in bacterial culture. In the present study, the effect of dietary supplementation of YEP on growth, feed conversion, nutrient ADC, body composition, and digestive enzyme profile of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings was evaluated. Materials and Methods. Rohu fingerlings (mean individual weight 1.76 ± 0.15 g) were fed, twice daily, fish meal-based 35% protein diets supplemented with YEP (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% on dry matter basis) for 75 days at 3% of body weight, in triplicate. Fish performance in terms of growth, apparent nutrient digestibility, and whole body composition was studied. The intestinal protease and amylase activities were also determined in rohu fingerlings fed YEP-supplemented diets. Microbial cultures of the intestinal mucosa of the fish in all dietary treatments were carried out after the feeding trial in soybean-casein digest agar (TSA), gelatin-peptone (GP), starch (ST) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) plates, separately, to determine the protease- amylase-, and cellulase-producing capacities (qualitative) of the isolated organisms. Results. The fish fed YEP-supplemented diets exhibited better growth than the control up to 0.2% level. YEP at 0.1% level resulted in the best performance of the fish in terms of per cent weight gain, SGR, FCR, and PER, followed by the 0.2% level. YEP led to higher deposition of protein and lower deposition of lipid in the carcass. The intestinal protease activity was highest in the fish fed 0.1% yeast, followed by 0.2%. Protease-producing capacity of the intestinal bacterial flora in the in vitro cultures followed the same trend. Conclusion. It appears therefore that YEP in the diets might have some effect on the gut microflora by supplying additional digestive enzymes leading to better nutrient utilization.
5

Gastrointestinal bacteria in rohu, Labeo rohita (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae): scanning electron microscopy and bacteriological study

80%
Ghosh K., Roy M., Kar N., Ringo E.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
2010
|
tom 40
|
nr 2
Background. Fish gut bacteria may be used as probiotics for fish. Those occurring in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822), have not been sufficiently studied. This study was intended: to detect bacteria in the intestine of rohu by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); to evaluate the existence of heterotrophic, proteolytic, amylolytic, and cellulolytic bacteria in three different regions of the gut of rohu; and to identify more than 25% of the isolated gut bacteria by 16S rRNA. Materials and Methods. The GI tracts were removed and divided into three regions: foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Tissues used for SEM were fixed in glutaraldehyde, washed in heparinised saline, dehydrated in graded ethanol, fixed in amyl acetate, dried with liquid nitrogen, coated with gold, observed, and photographed. Homogenates of the intestinal segments were spread onto tryptic soy agar plates and selected nutrient media plates to determine heterotrophic, proteolytic, amylolytic, and cellulolytic bacterial populations, respectively. Of the 59 adherent bacterial strains isolated from the GI tract of rohu 16 isolates were tried for identification by 16S rRNA genes. Results. Bacteria were observed to adhere to the gut enterocyte surfaces. Population level of enzyme-producing bacteria was higher in the midgut and hindgut regions than that observed in the foregut region. Furthermore, dense amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterial population in comparison to the proteolytic population was noticed in the GI tract of L. rohita. Highest density of the cellulolytic bacterial population in the hindgut region may indicate that fermentative degradation occurs in this part of the GI tract. Eleven adherent bacterial strains belonged to bacilli, 2 strains to Pseudomonas, 1 strain to Aeromonas, 1 strain was most closely related to Enterobacter, while 1 strain showed < 97% 16S rRNA sequence similarity in BLAST program was treated as unknown. Conclusion. Autochthonous bacteria were present in the GI tract of rohu and that the autochthonous microbiota possess enzymatic activity that might be beneficial for the fish.
6

Improvement of quality of sal [Shorea robusta] seed meal protein with supplemental amino acids in feeds for rohu, Labeo rohita [Hamiltoan], fingerlings

80%
Mukhopadhyay N., Ray A. K.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
1999
|
tom 29
|
nr 1
25-39
An eight-week feeding trial was conducted in a static indoor rearing system to examine the effects of partial substitution of fish meal (FM) protein with deoiled salseed meal protein with and without supplemental amino acids in diets for rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings (average weight 5.50 ± 0.19 g). Prior to incorporation into diets, deoiled sal (Shorea robusta) seed meal was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus) in order to reduce/eliminate the antinutritional factors, tannin and phytic acid present in it. Twelve experimental diets (diets D1 to D12) were formulated repalcing the FM protein from a reference diet with salseed meat protein at different levels (four sets of diets, of which each set ofthree diets contained 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement of FM protein by salseed meal protein respectively). Diets D1 to D3 were not supplemented with any amino acid. Lysine was supplemented to diets D4 to D6. Diets D7 to D9 were supplemented with methionine-cystine (together) and diets D10 to D12 contained lysine and methionine-cystine (together). Lysine and methionine-cystine (together) were added to the diets at 5.7% and 3.1% of dietary protein respectively. The groups of fish fed diets without any supplemental amino acids bad significantly lower percentage weight gain, SGR and higher FCR than the groups of fish fed other experimental diets. The addition of lysine and methionine-cystine to the diet in which 50% of FM protein was rep1aced by salseed meal protein (diet D11) significant1y improved fish weight gain and FCR. The percentage live weight gain and SGR values differed significantly (P < 0.01) from each other in the fish fed diets D10 to D12 which were supplemented with all three amino acids. The results of the present study suggest that rohu fingerlings can effectively uti1ise the supplemented amino acids and that deoiled salseed meal protein can replace up to 50% of FM protein in the diets for rohu if the salseed meal is properly processed (fermented) and supplemented with deficient amino acids.
7

Inclusion of extruded grass pea, Lathyrus sativus seed meal in compound diets for rohu, Labeo rohita [Hamilton, 1822] fingerlings

80%
Ramachandran S., Ray A. K.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
2004
|
tom 34
|
nr 2
Background. Grass pea, Lathyrus sativus is a widely available grain legume that contains a variety of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of feeding rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings with diets containing raw or extruded grass pea seed meal on growth, feed utilization efficiency, and carcass composition. Materials and Methods. Extrusion of finely ground grass pea seeds was performed in a twin-screw extruder at 130oC and 400 rpm. Six isonitrogenous (35% crude protein approximately) and isocaloric (16 547.7 J ּ g-1) diets were formulated incorporating raw and extruded grass pea seed meal at 20, 30, and 40% levels by weight into a fish meal based control diet. The diets were fed to rohu fingerlings in triplicate treatments at the rate of 3% of body weight for 60 days and fish performance in terms of growth, apparent protein digestibility (APD), and carcass composition was studied. Results. Extrusion of grass pea seed meal was effective in significantly reducing the ANFs, such as tannins (77%), trypsin inhibitor (below detection limit), and β-ODAP (46.09%). Phytic acid and nutrient components were not affected by extrusion. In terms of growth response, FCR and PER, 40% extruded grass pea meal incorporated diet resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) the best performance of rohu fingerlings. The APD values obtained for extruded seed meal incorporated diets were significantly higher in comparison to those for non-extruded ones. The carcass protein and lipid contents increased over the initial value in all dietary treatments with no significant differences in fish fed diets containing extruded grass pea seed meal. Conclusion. Extrusion is an effective treatment to reduce/eliminate the ANFs in legumes. Improved growth, feed utilization efficiencies, and APD in rohu fingerlings indicate that extrusion processing is also effective in improving the nutritional characteristics of grass pea.
8

Growth and survival of rohu, Labeo rohita [Hamilton, 1822] spawn fed diets fermented with intestinal bacterium, Bacillus circulans

80%
Ghosh K., Sen S. K., Ray A. K.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
2004
|
tom 34
|
nr 2
Background. Because of the advancement of multiple spawning of carps, the importance of a quality larval diet is increasing day by day. The larval fish do not have the necessary enzyme or the amount of digestive enzymes to digest feed at optimum level. Therefore, fermentation of feed ingredients and/or formulated diets by bacterial enzymes to produce simpler forms of nutrients may be beneficial for them. Materials and Methods. Five isocaloric (4.38 kcalּg-1) and isonitrogenous (35% crude protein approximately) experimental diets (D1-D5) containing 32% fish meal, 34% mustard oil cake, 30% rice bran, and 2% cod liver oil, were fermented in vitro with Bacillus circulans cells (at the rate of 108 bacterial cells per g) at 37oC for 1-5 day duration (1 day: D1, 2 days: D2, 3 days: D3, 4 days: D4, and 5 days: D5). The bacterial strain [extracellular enzyme producer Bacillus circulans (Lr 1.1)] used for fermentation was isolated from the intestine of rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings. The reference diet (RD), containing same ingredients, was not fermented with bacterial cells. Rohu spawn (av. wt. 0.35 Âą 0.01 mg) were fed ad libitum for 21 days in the laboratory condition at 30 minutes interval starting from 0900 h to 1600 h. Results. Fermentation of diets resulted in an increase in crude protein and free amino acid contents and decrease in crude fibre content. Diets D4 and D5 resulted in best growth and survival (98% and 98.33%, respectively) of rohu spawn compared to those fed with the reference diet (RD) and other experimental groups. A significant positive correlation was obtained between RNA : DNA ratio and specific growth rate (SGR) of 18 dietary groups (6 groups in triplicate). Conclusion. Fermentation of feed ingredients may be practiced as a tool for starter diet formulation to obtain better growth and survival of rohu spawn. The enzyme-producing strain, Bacillus circulans could be used to ferment diets for 4 to 5 days to increase the bioavailability of nutrients.
9

Effect of fermentation on apparent total and nutrient digestibility of sesame [Seasamum indicum] seed meal in rohu, Labeo rohita [Hamilton] fingerlings

80%
Mukhopadhyay N.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
2001
|
tom 31
|
nr 2
The apparent digestibility of both raw and treated (fermented) sesame (Seasamum indicum) seed meal by rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings was evaluated at 20, 30, and 40% levels of incorporation for each, using fishmeal based feed as the reference diet. The anti-nutritional factor, phytic acid, from raw sesame seed meal, could be reduced below detection limit by fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus). Fermentation of the oilseed meal resulted in reduction of tannin content from 2 to l %. The dry matter digestibility from the fermented sesame seed meal was highest at 20 % inclusion level. The protein digestibility at all levels of inclusion was high in comparison with that from the raw sesame seed meal diet. A similar trend was noticed with regard to fat digestibility. The results indicate that the digestibility of nutrients largely depend on the nature and level of incorporation of the ingredients. It further shows that sesame seed meal can be incorporated at a higher level (up to 40 %) in the diet of rohu fingerlings, after suitable processing (fermentation).
10

Effect of fermentation on apparent total and and nutrient digestibility of linseed, Linum usitatissimum, meal in rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings

80%
Mukhopadhyay N., Ray A. K.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
2005
|
tom 35
|
nr 2
Background. Linseed and its by-products constitute a major source of dietary protein, but due to amino-acid imbalance and presence of anti-nutritional factors their use in fish feed is limited. Therefore, fermentation of linseed by lactic acid bacteria and/or fermented diets increases the level of linseed inclusion into the diet of rohu fingerlings by up to 40 percentage points. Materials and Methods. Six experimental diets (RL20, RL30, RL40, FL20, FL30, and FL40) for rohu fingerlings (Labeo rohita) were formulated using raw and fermented linseed meals. Finely powdered (400 µm) diet ingredients were incorporated at 3 different levels (20, 30, and 40%) into each diet, replacing equal proportions of all the ingredients from the reference diet. Two types of de-oiled linseed, Linum usitatissimum, meals were used as test ingredients: raw (RL) and fermented (FL). Prior to incorporation, a portion of the linseed meal was fermented by inoculating it with lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus. The reference diet was prepared with fish meal as the chief protein source. Results. Fermentation of the oilseed meal resulted in reduction of tannin content from 2.45% to 1.32%. The total digestibility of the reference and test diets was significantly higher (P < 0.01) at all levels of fermented linseed addition. In particular, it was observed that the fermented samples showed comparatively better digestibility than the raw samples. Conclusion. Fermentation of oilseed meals which leads to the reduction of anti-nutritional factors may be applied as an efficient tool in formulation of feeds for rohu fingerlings.
11

Effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency and nitrogen metabolism in rohu, Labeo rohita [Hamilton], fingerlings

80%
Dalal S., Bhattacharya S., Ray A. K.
Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
|
2001
|
tom 31
|
nr 2
A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels on growth, feed utilization efficiency, and nitrogen metabolism in rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings (mean weight 4.06 ±0.08 g). Nine purified diets prepared with 25, 35, and 40 % protein level each having 15, 25, and 35 % carbohydrate were fed to nine different feeding groups at the rate of 3% of body weight in triplicate treatments. Better performance of fish in terms of percent weight gain, SGR, FCR, and PER was observed with increasing percentage of carbohydrate at a given protein level. Protease and α-amylase activities increased with increase in dietary protein and carbohydrate levels, respectively. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activities varied significantly in some groups. No significant difference among different groups regarding glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity was observed. Ammonia excretion was found to increase with increased consumption of dietary protein and carbohydrate and was highest in the groups of fish fed 40% protein diet suggesting active nitrogen metabolism in these.
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