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Results of lead and cadmium contents in soil adjacent to European highway E30 in the East of Poland were presented in the study. Soil samples were collected at three distances: 0, 50, and 100 m from the track, and at two depths: 5-15 cm and 35-45 cm. Soil pH, content of silt and clay particles, organic matter content, types of underlaying rock and land use methods were tested. The total contents of lead and cadmium were analyzed by AAS method. Lead content ranged from 9.70 mg・kg⁻¹ to 155.75 mg・kg⁻¹ of dry matter (on average 103.38 mg・kg⁻¹) in the strip directly adjacent to the roadside. The values were significantly larger than those from further distances. The lead content in soils beyond the road strip did not exceed the limit value of 100 mg・kg⁻¹ in soil used for farming purposes. The cadmium content, however, ranged from 0.016 to 0.909 mg・kg⁻¹, and it did not significantly depended on the distance from the road. The largest cadmium content, significantly different from others, in soils located to the east of the industrial district of Siedlce was proved, but the content did not exceed the limit of 1 mg・kg⁻¹ in soil of agricultural area. The study was a part of complex research concerning the environmental monitoring that was conducted by co-authors of the paper.
One of the most critical sources of pollutants are road run-offs. Road run-off is a complex mixture of toxicants e.g. heavy metals, de-icing agents, organic compounds and water suspensions of solid substances. One of the most negative impact on the environment has sodium chloride which is used as de-icing agent. In the case of incorrect environment protection in the vicinity of roads pollutants may migrate to groundwater causing hazard to sources of potable water. One of the methods to prevent the migration of pollutants to groundwater is imposing the flow of polluted water through a reactive material filling a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). This paper examines the feasibility of selected reactive materials for the reduction chlorides concentration in road run-offs. Four different reactive materials: zero valent-iron, activated carbon, zeolite and geza rock have been chosen for studies. The tests results indicated that the most popular reactive materials used in PRB technology, activated carbon and zero-valent iron, removed exhibited the highest efficiency in chloride ions removal. Moreover, the composition of road run-off in samples collected along roads in Warsaw was determinated.
Carnivores are often particularly sensitive to landscape fragmentation. Ecological corridors may help to connect local populations, ensuring gene flow and retaining viable meta-populations. We aimed to establish habitat suitability models for two large carnivores in Poland, the grey wolf Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 and the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758, based on ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA). Secondly, we calculated least cost paths (LCPs) based on cost values obtained from ENFA. Thirdly, we determined structures that might act as barriers, thus diminishing the value of the corridor unless appropriate conservation measures are taken. We compared some of the results with actual dispersal data of four lynx in eastern Poland. Results indicate that both species are highly marginalised. Less habitat that is currently available in Poland is suitable for lynx than for wolves. We determined a total of 76 LCPs. Comparison of these theoretical corridors with actual dispersal routes suggests that the traits of calculated LCPs are mostly within the range of those of real routes. We highlight a variety of features that might act as barriers, such as major roads (including planned highways), urbanized areas, and large un-forested areas. We give suggestions where concerted conservation efforts (eg wildlife passages) might be particularly well-directed.
The results of a magnetic study of the Okenugbo Area of Ago-Iwoye, Southwestern Nigeria are presented for the evaluation of the geostructural settings in the area to determine the competency of the basement for building constructions. The study area lies within Longitude N - N and Latitude E and E in the basement complex of Nigeria. Three magnetic profiles were established for the evaluation and the magnetic anomaly map, the regional geology and its analytic signal amplitude helped in identifying the nature and depth of the magnetic sources in the study region. The magnetic residual values range from -2400 nT to +1800 nT. The area shows magnetic closures of various sizes at the Western part of the study area trending West with prominence at the center and distributed East-West which has been interpreted as fractured or faulted zones. The depth estimate revealed the apparent depth to the causative body from the surface and the basement depth range from 4.3 to 21.3 m which agrees with other literatures. The study has revealed that the area is generally competent for high rise structures and industrial site while the faulted/fractured zones are prospective better locations for hydrogeological purposes.
The work presents theoretical bases of an indicator for estimating the arrangement of rural roads in a terrain relief. The indicator bases on the comparison between azimuths of agricultural roads and terrain aspect. The physical interpretation of the indicator is meant as planar angle between the road and the theoretical line ideally perpendicular to slope. Thanks to the physical, non-expert basis of the indicator it is possible to choose arbitrary ranges and thresholds by classifying roads to perpendicular-, diagonal- and along- slope arrangement classes.
Woody plants grown near the roads are force-fed by salt and this has negative effect on their growth and decorative value. The aim of the presented study was to investigate the effects of salinity on growth and nutrient composition of four trees species often planted along the roads and streets in Poland. Two years old seedlings (bare root) of four tree species: Acer negundo, A. platanoides, Quercus robur and Tilia cordata were potted and grown outside under four soil salinity levels maintained by drenching plants with tap water containing 0.25, 0.5, 1.5, and 3.3g NaCl/L H2O. Plant height, soil samples for electrical conductivity (EC) and pH determination as well as leaf samples for macroelements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) content evaluation were collected after each growing season of two years of experiment. Electrical conductivity of the growing medium varied insignificantly between species, but salt concentration in the growing medium was distinctly higher in the upper than in the bottom part. Soil salinity had strong but variable effect on plant growth during the experiment. Only Acer negundo growth was not affected even by the highest concentration of NaCl solution. With increasing salinity of growing medium more Na+ was taken by all species but the biggest amount of sodium ions was accumulated in the leaves of Tilia cordata, while the lowest in Acer negundo. Than potassium ions content decreased with increasing medium salinity only in the leaves of Quercus robur and Tilia cordata. In the leaves of Acer platanoides and Tilia cordata calcium concentration was decreased at increased salinity, in two other tested species amount of Ca2+ in the leaves was elevated. The main conclusion that can be drown is that Acer negundo is highly tolerant to salinity stress while Acer platanoides was the most sensitive among tested species.
The effect of CaCl2 and NaCl with anti-corrosion additives (ammonium phosphate and sodium hypochlorite in amount of 3 to 5% of preparation weight), protected by Polish patent no. 198058, applied in concentrations of 4, 8 and 12 g dm-3 on germination and seedling vigour of Lolium perenne L. cv. Solen and Festuca rubra L. cv. Nimba was evaluated. Other studied parameters were: chlorophyll content, chlophyll a fluorescence and biomass accumulation in Canna × generalis, Rosa rugosa L. and Lolium perenne L. under the influence of the above mentioned substances. It was found that application of de-icing substances delayed and reduced germination of grass seedlings and declined root growth. Red fescue was less tolerant for increased salinity in soil than perennial ryegrass. Application of de-icing substances on rugosa rose, canna lilly and perennial ryegrass plants led to decrease of chlorophyll content, potential photochemical efficiency, performance index and biomass accumulation. Without anticorrosion agents the least toxic was calcium chloride and the most sodium chloride. Additives to de-icing road salts, in general, decreased NaCl toxicity and increased toxicity of CaCl2.
Gromadzenie informacji w postaci rozbudowanych systemów stanowi aktualnie ogólną tendencję. Najbardziej znane i jednocześnie najszerzej zastosowane są systemy dotyczące: informacji o terenie informacji służących do diagnozowania i leczenia chorób. Infrastruktura drogowa to element zagospodarowania terenu. Informacje o tej infrastrukturze to część informacji o terenie. Autorzy podjęli się opracowania informacyjnej charakterystyki tej infrastruktury na wiejskich obszarach Polski (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem teorii informacji i statystyki). Ze względu na hierarchiczny podział dróg, rysuje się koncepcja hierarchicznego systemu informacyjnego. Opracowanie zawiera wskazówki doboru danych o infrastrukturze drogowej. Należy dodać, że rozpoczęto już prace zmierzające do utworzenia jednolitego systemu informacyjnego, obejmującego wszystkie drogi publiczne.
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