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The aim of this study is to present results of investigations into rainfall–runoff–suspended sediment transport process, based on field measurements conducted in small (A = 28.7 km²) urban catchment of Służew Creek, located in Warsaw. Hydrological monitoring was carried out by the Department of Hydraulic Engineering at the WULS-SGGW (Warsaw University of Life Sciences). Between 2014–2017, twelve flood events were recorded, during which rainfall, discharge, turbidity, and suspended sediment concentrations were measured. The correlation between the flows and sediment concentration was analysed and clockwise hysteresis for all events was indicated, meaning that sediment concentrations during the increase of water flows were higher than at the same flow values during the fall of the flood wave. Also first flush effect has been noted, that is, most of the sediment loads was washed-off at the beginning of the flood event; whereas the peak concentration occurred prior to the maximum discharge. Statistically significant correlation between direct runoff and suspended sediment has been established.
The aim of our study was to investigate the changes of metal concentrations in stream sediments depending on station and sampling period variation. Sediment samples were collected seasonally from six separate stations selected along Kilicozu Creek (Kirsehir, Turkey), and the Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd concentrations were determined. Stations were selected on the basis of pollution gradient. It was observed that the metal concentration means per annum were Zn> Cr> Ni> Cu> Pb> Cd. Seasonal highest values of heavy metals were observed as follows; Pb (14.4 µg·g⁻¹), Ni (43 µg·g⁻¹), and Cd (6.2 µg·g⁻¹) in autumn, Cr (55.7 µg·g⁻¹) and Zn (71.9 µg·g⁻¹) in summer, and Cu (42.5 µg·g⁻¹) in spring. One-way ANOVA results also showed that there were significant metal concentration changes between stations. Potential metal contamination risk was determined for studied sediment samples. It was observed that Cd contamination exceeded the limit values in this stream sediment. According to the reference values, Zn or Pb contamination in the creek sediment has not reached the effective level. The findings of this study may be useful for further biomonitoring studies.
In this paper we examine the mineralogy of sediments and the distribution of chromium between par­ticle-size classes, and describe the contaminated sediment distribution in the upper Dunajec River. No relationship between grain-size classes and Cr concentration was found in the contaminated sediments, but chromium concentration increased with decreasing grain-size in non-contaminated sediments. Fragments of leather were identified in the bottom sediments in proximity to wastewater discharges from tanneries. At each of the contaminated sites, Cr is enriched in the organic fraction of the uppermost surface sediments, while the clay fraction is relatively poor in this metal. The contamination factor in sediments is about 100.
Relations between changes in bed morphology and heavy metal concentrations were investigated in the Mała Panew River channel in southern Poland. Samples of bed sediments were collected at ten locations 12 times during two years. Concentrations of cadmium, zinc and lead in the river sediments are among the highest in Poland and in silt-clay fraction it reaches 600, 4000 and 500 ppm, respectively. At most channel locations, migration of one or two sand bars was observed. Usually a dead water zone, which was a particularly important sink for fine, strongly polluted organic sediments, appeared in front of the bar. Here, also the highest heavy metal concentrations occurred. The dead water existed usually for several months until it was destroyed by a flood or filled with sand sediments in the case of the bar front accretion. As a result, a marked drop of metal concentrations, accompanied by higher flow velocities, followed in a relatively short period.
This paper examines the relations between the dispersal of sediment-borne heavy metals and changes in morphology of the Mała Panew River valley in southern Poland. Sediment samples were taken in 66 vertical profiles up to 60 cm deep, situated at different heights above a water table. Alluvial levels of similar width and height appear with different frequency along river banks within 7 selected 1km-long river valley reaches. Moreover, heavy metal concentrations at levels of similar height are similar throughout the Mała Panew valley. This suggests that both the width of the river valley over which sediment-associated heavy metals accumulated as well as the volume of these sediments stored within particular river reaches, change downstream. Generally, the wide, natural reaches of the river valley, which have been sinks for metal-associated sediments in the 20th century, are an important secondary pollution source, whereas narrow valley reaches in which flow regulation caused incision of the river channel are mainly transition zones for the polluted sediments conveyed in the river valley.
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