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Regulatory planning, protecting the spatial order, which developed in the period of urbanization and industrialization, has become insufficient for planning contemporary development of cities. Systems of land use planning in the Western Europe countries grew wider by adopting off-statute (unofficial) integrated planning, enabling actions aimed at qualitative development of the city. In the article, systems of the integrated planning of development and revitalisation of cities in Germany, France and Great Britain were reviewed as well as the EU actions for integrated planning were shown. The existing system of planning development and spatial management in Poland and the problems with the integrated planning and programming of the development and revitalisation of cities were characterised. Conclusions were expressed in relation with drawing up an integrated strategy of the development of cities and integrated operational programmes resulting from it. In the EU countries being analysed, integrated plans of development and revitalisation of cities are included in relevant legal articles as an element of a planning system. However, their contents and form are not specified by law. Issues related to development plans are established in accordance with the needs of a given area and a planning process is widely socialised which enables it to reach an agreement with respect to solving the most important problems in selected critical area and makes it easy to establish partnerships of different kind which is essential for the completion of planned actions. General objectives, written in legal articles, refer both to the general plans of spatial planning, and the integrated development plans and they concern sustainable development of a territorial unit. Integrated plans of development and revitalisation of cities are long-term action plans, generally of complex character. They often have a form of strategic plans. The completion of agreed actions is guaranteed by arrangements which are included in the land use plans. Cities/communes conduct a policy of socio-economic and spatial development as based on an integrated development concept, which is drawn up as a part of off-statue planning, but agreed upon with a local community and being in conformity with the purpose which is sustainable development. Development plans are to be made more detailed in operational programmes (which are a set of projects), related to problem (critical) areas. They are implemented due to an integrated action of organizational units of municipal/commune offices. They are connected both with national and Union programmes, supporting financially local development. An integrated approach to the planning of development of cities is recommended by the Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities of 2007. Well-tried, in practice by the countries „old" EU, integrated plans and programmes of development should be used in the strategic management of cities in Poland. The function of an integrated plan of development and revitalisation of a city/commune can be performed in Poland by a development strategy document which is included both in a system of spatial planning (according to the Act on Planning and Spatial Planning) and in a system of socio-economic planning (according to the Act on Conducting the Development Policy). However, integration of both systems is essential which will consist in defining the role of both the objectives of individual plans and programmes and their mutual connection within and among the individual levels of planning and management. Also, the terminology used so far requires unification with respect to various planning documents. Existing legal documents should be adapted to the standards of the European policy of development of cities which was done by the „old" countries the EU. One should think whether integrated plans and development programmes should be documents to be drawn up compulsorily or optionally in Poland. An integrated development strategy of a city/commune should be a long-term, comprehensive plan of action of the local government, taking into account all aspects of the development of the city (social, economic, ecological, spatial-urban) in their interrelations. A process of planning, conducted by an interdisciplinary team of specialists (with the participation of architects - urban planners), should be widely socialised for the purpose of: - reaching an agreement with respect to solving major problems in selected areas; - establishing partnership between public and private entities; - identifying and using synergy effects of actions planned. An integrated strategy should be drawn up in advance with respect to the study of conditions and trends of spatial development (of a general spatial development plan /plan of a structure). Its arrangements should be taken into account in „the study" (a general/ structure plan) and entered into a local plan which, as a generally applicable legal document, will guarantee the completion of activities planned. Operational programmes, resulting from the integrated development strategy of a city/commune, will have a character of integrated programmes (among others, operational programmes required at present by the EC: local development, revitalisation of cities and development of public transport in urbanized areas). Their implementation will guarantee that the strategic goals set will be achieved.
Restructuralization in traditional understanding is considered for solution of crisis situation in a company. However, it is important to emphasize that restructuralization shouldn´t be connected only with crisis of a company. Global economic recession has broken out in 2008 and its impact on Slovak economy has started to display in the beginning of 2009. The paper is focused on explaining the reasons of company crisis and on the aims, areas, types and methods of restructuralization in period of company crisis influenced by worldwide economic recession.
The key to ecological revitalisation of river floodplains is improving the water regime, since this very important abiotic factor has undergone serious deteriorations due to anthropogenic effects. The desired improvement can be achieved by transforming the natural water conveyance infrastructure of the river-floodplain system in an appropriate manner. The proposed revitalisation has been tested on a case study problem dealing with the revitalisation of the Danube riparian Gemenc floodplain.
The modern dynamics of the urban population of Belarus differs from the total population dynamics trend. The total population size of Belarus decreased from 10.1 to 9.5 million or 6%, in the period from 1989 to 2009 years. The urban population increased from 6.2 to 6.7 million, or 8.2% in the same space of time. Groups of towns by population size differ in the character of population dynamics. Population growth is typical for small towns, because of administrative reforms – some urban-type settlements get status of town. The population of small towns has increased by 17.5% during the period of 1989-2009 years, large and medium cities – by 7% an average. Natural movement indicators of the urban population of Belarus have significant differentiation between classes of towns by population size. During the period of 1989-2009 years the highest birth and mortality rates were established in the small towns. The highest birth and the lowest mortality rates are typical for large cities. Higher values of fertility rates in large cities determines by higher level of socio-economic development and the continued migration to cities the XXI century. The higher fertility rates in small towns are due to two factors: the state-support of small business in this group of settlements and attracting young professionals to new enterprises in small towns. Natural increase of population is manifested in all classes of towns in Belarus during the period 1989-2010 years. The highest rates of natural increase are typical for large cities with population size over 100 thousand people. In general, the demographic revitalization is obtained in 46% of towns in Belarus. This process is based on the factors of natural and migratory population movement. Population is growing due to natural increase and migration inflow with an absolute predominance in the structure of migratory factor in every fifth town (21%). In 17 towns (15%) population is increasing due to the predominance of one positive factor with negative value of the second (Natural increase > Migratory outflow, Natural decrease < Migratory inflow). Population decline with the dominant role of migratory losses is typical for 64% of towns in Belarus (mainly small and medium).
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