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The simple method of nucleic acids extraction, based on guanidine thiocyanate extraction buffer, was sufficient for obtaining a good templates for RT-PCR. The RT-PCR reactions were performer from the start to the end (both the reverse transcription and the HLVd-cDNA amplification) in the same reaction mixture and in the very small volume of reaction (10 μI). Both pairs of primers designed by authors were good for reverse transcription and later for amplification of the HLVd-cDNA. The presence of gelatin as a stabilizer of DNA polymerase was indispensable for successful performance of RT-PCR.
The coat protein (CP) gene of the Skierniewice isolate of plum pox virus (PPV-S) has been amplified using the reverse transcription — polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the gene and the deduced amino-acid sequence of PPV-S CP were compared with those of other PPV strains. The nucleotide sequence showed very high homology to most of the published sequences. The motif: Asp-Ala-Gly (DAG), important for the aphid transmissibility, was present in the amino-acid sequence. Our isolate did not react in ELISA with monoclonal antibodies MAb06 supposed to be specific for PPV-D
Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) with primers specific for tyrosinase allow for a new method of early detection of individual melanoma cells in peripheral blood. Using this test the effect of chemo- and chemoimmunotherapy on the spread of early micrometastatic cancer cells has been evaluated. No significant correlations have been found between RT/PCR results on the one hand and stage of disease, a kind of the therapy protocol used and usage of the therapy as an adjuvant or palliative on the other hand. Thus, although the RT/PCR test for detection of circulating individual melanoma cells might help in identification of minimal residual disease in some patients, it has no application for routine staging of more advanced disease and in monitoring the response to therapy.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1) is already known to be highly expressed in the brain, and is found in many other tissues, including the atrium of the heart. Although the complete primary structure of IP3R1 in the rat brain has been reported, the complete sequence of an IP3R1 clone from atrial myocytes has not been reported. We isolated an IP3R1 complementary DNA (cDNA) clone from isolated adult rat atrial myocytes, and found a new splice variant of IP3R1 that was different from a previously reported IP3R1 cDNA clone obtained from a rat brain (NCBI GenBank accession number: NM_001007235). Our clone had 99% similarity with the rat brain IP3R1 sequence; the exceptions were 39 amino acid deletions at the position of 1693–1731, and the deletion of phenylalanine at position 1372 that lay in the regulatory region. Compared with the rat brain IP3R1, in our clone proline was replaced with serine at residue 2439, and alanine was substituted for valine at residue 2445. These changes lie adjacent to or within the fifth transmembrane domain (2440–2462). Although such changes in the amino acid sequences were different from the rat brain IP3R1 clone, they were conserved in human or mouse IP3R1. We produced a plasmid construct expressing the atrial IP3R1 together with green fluorescent protein (GFP), and successfully overexpressed the atrial IP3R1 in the adult atrial cell line HL-1. Further investigation is needed on the physiological significance of the new splice variant in atrial cell function.
In our previous study, we demonstrated that azurin could selectively trigger apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS cells. However, the rate of apoptosis (35.8 ± 3.2%) is not very high, and azurin is too expensive to obtain readily. To solve these problems, we constructed a eukaryotic expression plasmid containing the azurin gene with an influenza virus haemagglutinin 9 peptide HA epitope tag, and transfected the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)/azurin into U2OS cells. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis validated the successful transfection and the expression of the azurin-HA protein. Conspicuous apoptosis of the transfected cells was detected by flow cytometry (FCM) and the DNA ladder test. The apoptosis rate reached 64.3 ± 13.1%. The transcriptional levels of the Bax and p53 genes increased significantly in U2OS cells transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)/azurin, but the Bcl-2 mRNA level decreased. There was no difference in the levels of Bcl-xl mRNA and Survivin mRNA. We propose that the transfection of the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)/azurin can significantly induce apoptosis in U2OS cells. This is closely associated with the up-regulation of the transcriptional level of the Bax and p53 genes, and the down-regulation of that of the Bcl-2 gene.
 Despite the extensive research efforts over the past 25 years that have focused on HIV, there is still no cure for AIDS. However, tremendous progress in the understanding of the structure and biology of the HIV virus led to the development of safe and potent HIV-based transgene delivery vectors. These genetic vehicles are referred to as lentiviral vectors. They appear to be better suited for particular applications, such as transgene delivery into stem cells, compared to other viral- and non-viral vectors. This is because Lentivirus-based vectors can efficiently infect nondividing and slowly dividing cells. In the present review article, the current state of understanding of HIV-1 is discussed and the main characteristics that had an impact on vector design are outlined. A historical view on the vector concept is presented to facilitate discussion of recent results in vector engineering in a broader context. Subsequently, a state of the art overview concerning vector construction and vector production is given. This review also touches upon the subject of lentiviral vector safety and related topics that can be helpful in addressing this issue are discussed. Finally, examples of Lentivirus-based gene delivery systems and their applications are presented, with emphasis on animal transgenesis and human gene therapy.
Dwukrotnie, w roku 2003 i 2007, z pomidora szklarniowego z objawami nekrozy liści wyizolowano wirusa sferycznego. Występowniu wirusa każdorazowo towarzyszyła obecność mączlika szklarniowego (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). Eksperymentalnie po raz pierwszy wykazano, że mączlik szklarniowy jest wektorem wirusa sferycznego. Mączlik szklarniowy przenosił wirusa bardzo efektywnie (100%). Wirus porażał zakres roślin głównie z rodziny psiankowatych. Badania w mikroskopie elektronowym wykazały, że wirus ma średnicę ok. 28 nm, występuje w soku w niskiej koncentracji w postaci pojedyńczych cząstek, a w oraganach komórkowych w postaci skupisk podobnych do kryształów. Oczyszczone preparaty wirusa sedymentowały w gradiencie gęstości sacharozy w postaci 2 stref, wynikających z 2 typów cząstek różniących się współczynnikiem sedymentacji. Genom wirusa składa się z dwóch fragmentów: RNA1 o wielkości 7800 pz i RNA2 o wielkości 5400 pz. Białko otoczki wirusowej składa się z 3 podjednostek o wielkości 35, 26 i 23 kD. Opisany w roku 2007 nowy wirus Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) wykazywał duże podobieństwo do polskiego izolatu przenoszonego przez mączlika. Na podstawie sekwencji ToTV zaprojektowano własne startery, które w RT-PCR z polskim izolatem dały produkty o wielkości ok 892 pz dla RNA1 i 573 pz dla RNA2. Produkty te poddano sekwencjonowaniu i porównanie z sekwencjami ToTV wykazało pokrewieństwo 99 i 98% odpowiednio dla RNA1 I RNA2. Podobieństwo objawów chorobowych, morfologii cząstek wirusa, organizacji genomu i wysoki stopień pokrewieństwa genetycznego pozwala uznać polski izolat wirusa sferycznego, przenoszonego przez mączlika szklarniowego, za izolat wirusa nekrozy pomidora (ToTV).
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