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Sibling reproduction was studied in a captive population of the African striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio (Sparrman, 1784) to establish the occurrence of inbreeding and whether early association prevents later matings. Sibling and nonsibling pairs were established by pairing animals at weaning (16 days), 30, and 60 days old. The reproductive success of weaning pairs (regardless of genetic relationship) and 30- and 60-day sibling pairs was poorer than that of nonsibling pairs. Inbreeding depression was indicated by high pre-weaning mortality and smaller mass of inbred compared to outbred litters. When pairings were made between sexually mature siblings of consecutive litters that had made brief contact previously, sibling pairs had similar reproductive performance compared to control pairs, but had significantly smaller litter sizes. It appears that incestuous matings in R. pumilio result in inbreeding depression, and that mating between kin or non-kin is prevented by prior association.
Young males of Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774) are known to remain immature in the year of their birth in some parts of the species range, but reach maturity in other parts. In the latter case, however, a doubt has been expresses about whether they would be able to mate. We adduce strong evidence that males of the year can really be fertile. In captive noctules, among which there were no old males, copulatory behaviour and parturition were observed. The possible significance of this phenomenon is discussed.
To analyse the population structure and reproductive biology of the Iberian hare Lepus granatensis Rosenhauer, 1856, 498 hares (264 males and 234 females) were collected in monthly samples from October 1998 to September 1999. Females reached larger sizes than males, with approximately 400 g difference in body mass on reaching sexual maturity. The total sex ratio was 1:1, with a bias in favour of males in winter. Sexually active males and females appeared in every month but August, when no sexually active female was found. Births occurred in every month and were more frequent between March and July. Seasonal variation in kidney fat index (KFI) followed a similar pattern in males and females, with an increase in mid-autumn and a decline at the end of winter. Reproductive activity appeared in every month, with a maximum from February to June. Reproductively hyperactive females (simultaneously pregnant and nursing) appeared in every month except in January, with a first peak in March and a second lower peak in May-June. Litter size fluctuated between 1 and 7 leverets. The most frequent gestations involved 1 or 2 foetuses. The mean annual litter size was 2.08 and the average number of litters per productive female per year was estimated to be 3.48. The maximum productivity was recorded between March and May. The total annual production of young per adult female was estimated to be 7.21. The minimum annual survival rate of young was 27.91%. On the basis of these results we propose to maintain the limit of the hunting period between October and December. We discuss the relationship between the low young/adult ratio obtained and the hunting method used.
The ocelotLeopardus pardalis Linnaeus, 1758 is an endangered felid in the United States currently restricted to southern Texas. The objectives of our study were to obtain data on ocelot parturition dates, fecundity, sex ratios, den characteristics, and first year survival, all of which are critical in development of population viability models. Sixteen parturition events were recorded ranging from mid-April to late December for 12 wild ocelots. Cumulatively, litters consisted of 1 or 2 kittens (¯ = 1.2 ± 0.44 SD). Cumulative sex ratio was 1∶2.5 (male:female); however, there was no significant difference between the observed sex ratio and a 1∶1 sex ratio. Ten den sites were in close proximity (≤ 10 m) to dense thornshrub. Adult female ocelots used 2 to 4 den sites for each litter with distance between consecutively occupied dens ranging from 110 to 280 m (¯ = 158 m ± 93 SD). An estimated annual survival for ocelots 0 to 1 year of age was 0.68. Evidence suggests that ocelots in the wild may breed more frequently than had been previously hypothesized.
Hormotila ramosissima Korš., a very rare in the world and poorly known species, have been found in peat bogs of Lower Silesia. The growth stages typical of this species but unknown so far, have been described and illustrated. It was found that this species has many features in common with the representatives of Volvocales, Tetrasporales, and chlorococcales. The regularly observed zoospores and hemizoospores, which accompanied the various developmental stages of that species, showed an internal structure of Chlamydomonas-type. Studies on Hormotila ramosissima were based on live material collected in ample quantities from peat bogs. The collected in this way repeatable and abundant data allowed to discuss problems concerning morphology, reproduction and development, as well as consider the taxonomic position this species.
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