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The paper reviews literature that evaluates the importance of the following groups of viruses in the etiology of diarrhea in pigs, that occur mostly from birth to weaning. These are as follows: Adenoviruses, Rotaviruses, Reoviruses, Picornaviruses, Enteroviruses, Caliciviruses and Astroviruses. Their common properties are: usually low and facultative pathogenicity, dependent on the level of innate immunity of the animal; participation as one of the factors of a multifactorial etiology, usually together with several taxonomically different viruses; contribution to the emergence of clinical symptoms in pigs, together with an unsatisfactory level of welfare which frequently occurs in large farms based on industrial technologies; very often occurring symptomless infections and carriership of these opportunistic microorganisms in healthy animals. These microorganisms predominantly represent RNA viruses and express a high frequency of variability of their genomes. As a consequence this may contribute to the emergence of new species, quasi-species, or variants in the enumerated groups of viruses, in addition to variants also pathogenic for humans. At present it is difficult to define which species or variants of the mentioned groups of viruses - besides the mentioned environmental factors - initiate the multifactorial, enteric disease of pigs. However it may not be excluded that Torque teno or PCV2 viruses and some bacterial enteropathogens, particularly E. coli serotypes pathogenic for swine, may be taken into account.
Avian reoviruses are members of the Orthoreovirus genus in the Reoviridae family. They were first isolated from the respiratory tract of chickens with chronic respiratory disease. Reovirus infections can spread horizontally by direct contact among infected birds or indirectly by water, feed and feces. In the case of chickens the viruses cause arthritis/tenosynovitis, reovirosis, pericarditis, miocarditis, malabsorption syndrome, enteritis, hepatitis, atrophy of the bursa Fabricii and thymus, and acute and chronic respiratory tract diseases. Reoviruses are also isolated from turkeys with arthritis and malabsorption syndrome. In the case of geese and Muscovy ducks they cause diarrhorea and hepatitis. The viruses have an immunosuppressive ability and are frequently found in chickens with latent infections that were initially clinically normal. Prevention and control are achieved through vaccinating the parent flocks and broilers, as well as by disinfection.
Cancer is one of the most frequent causes of death in Poland and in the world. The low efficacy of conventional treatment, as well as the high toxicity of the usual therapies, have stimulated the search for alternative methods. One of them is the deployment of oncolytic viruses. Oncolytic viruses have a natural ability to lyse tumor cells or can obtain this ability through certain modifications. The aim of virotherapy is to discover a virus that will lyse only tumor cells, and will not be dangerous to healthy cells, and moreover will not cause an undesirable response from the host’s immune system. Animal viruses with oncolytic abilities are very promising, because they are not pathogenic for humans and often show a high specificity for human cancerous cells.
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