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The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether the alcoholic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus could decrease the intensity of toxicity in albino rats. Gentamicin at a dose of 80mg/kg body weight was administered intraperitonially to albino male Wistar rats for 8 days. Then another set of animals were given the alcoholic extracts of S. indicus along with gentamicin treatment. The antioxidant levels, serum creatinine, serum urea etc were analyzed. The extracts could significantly decrease the gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity as inferred from the tissue antioxidant status in the drug administered animals. Remarkable change was observed in serum creatinine and urea levels. Lipid peroxidation in the kidney and liver tissues was also considerably reduced in S. indicus extract treated animals. The nephrotoxic rats showed lower activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione transferase and reduced glutathione content in the liver and kidney which were restored to normal levels by treatment with S. indicus extract. The increased levels of lipid peroxidation in nephrotoxic rats were reverted back to normal levels after the treatment with S. indicus ethanol extract. These results suggest that it has protective effect against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity which may be attributed to its antioxidant potential.
Several factors, including mineralocorticoids, have been implicated in the renal damage associated with hypertension. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-) agonists improve renal damage associated with different pathologies. Therefore, our hypothesis was that mineralocorticoid receptor blockade ameliorates renal damage associated with hypertension and that this improvement may be mediated by PPAR-. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with either vehicle or eplerenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, at two different doses: 30 and 100 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks. Age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used as a normotensive reference group. SHR showed tubulointersticial fibrosis and mild tubular atrophy. These alterations were accompanied by increases in renal cortex gene expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and phosphorylated Smad2 protein levels, factors involved in the fibrotic response. Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) gene expression were also increased. By contrast, lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression and PPAR- protein levels were decreased in SHR as compared with normotensive animals. Only the high dose of eplerenone was able to reduce blood pressure and partially prevent LOX down-regulation in SHR. Both eplerenone doses significantly ameliorated interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, reduced TGF-ß, CTGF and cytokine gene expression, and decreased Smad2 activation, while normalizing PPAR- protein levels. Conclusions: Mineralocorticoid receptor activation participates in hypertension-associated renal damage. This effect seems to involve stimulation of both fibrotic and inflammatory processes mediated (at least in part) by a down-regulation of PPAR- that can favour an up-regulation of the TGF-ß/Smad signalling pathway.
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