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Statistical relationships between the quantum yield of photosynthesis Φ and selected environmental factors in the Baltic have been established on the basis of a large quantity of empirical data. The model formula is the product of the theoretical maximum quantum yield ΦMAX =0.125 atomC quantum−1 and five dimensionless factors fi taking values from 0 do 1: Φ = ΦMAXfa fΔ fc(Ca(0)) fc(PARinh) fE, t. To a sufficiently good approximation, each of these factors fi appears to be dependent on one or at most two environmental factors, such as temperature, underwater irradiance, surface concentration of chlorophyll a, absorption properties of phytoplankton and optical depth. These dependences have been determined for Baltic Case 2 waters. The quantum yield Φ, calculated from known values of these environmental factors, is then applicable in the model algorithm for the remote sensing of Baltic primary production. The statistical error of the approximate quantum yields Φ is 62%.
The accuracyan alysis of an approximate atmospheric correction algorithm for the processing of SeaWiFS data has been investigated for the Baltic Sea. The analysis made use of theoretical radiances produced with the FEM radiative transfer code for representative atmosphere-water test cases. The studysho wed uncertainties in the determination of the aerosol optical thickness at 865 nm and of the ˚Angstr¨om exponent lower than ±5% and ±10%, respectively. These results were confirmed bythe analysis of 59 match-ups between satellite-derived and in situ measurements for a site located in the central Baltic. Because of the relativelyhig h yellow substance absorption, often combined with the slanted solar illumination, the retrieval of the water-leaving radiance in the blue part of the spectrum appeared to be highlyd egraded, to the extent that almost no correlation was found between retrieved and simulated values. Better results were obtained at the other wavelengths. The accuracyin the estimation of the remote sensing reflectance ratio R35 decreased with diminishing chlorophyll a concentration and increasing yellow substance absorption, ranging between ±7% and ±47%. The propagation of R35 uncertainties on chlorophyll a estimation was quantified. Keeping the same atmosphere-water conditions, the atmospheric correction scheme appeared sensitive to seasonal changes in the Sun zenith.
The Department of Geoinformatics and Cartography of the University of Wrocław, Poland, is host institution of a project, financed by the National Science Centre in Poland, whose objective is to predict riverflow in real-time. If inundation is predicted, the problem of the verification of the overbank flow prognosis arises. This verification can be attained by utilizing an unmanned aerial vehicle that may be used for remote sensing applications. The unmanned aerial vehicle in question can take sequential photos with the unprecedented resolution of 3 cm/pix. Both the resolution and the opportunity for frequent flights – due to the low cost of the entire operation – allow us to compare prediction maps showing the forecasted overbank flow during an extreme hydrological event with the true observation obtained from the air. Although such verification is site- and event-specific, it can provide us with an objective technique for checking our system in a spatial domain. The main part of the system, known as HydroProg, produces multimodel ensemble hydrograph predictions and compares single-model prognoses; visualizations of them are then published in a web map service. The spatial predictions, along with the aerial orthophoto images, will also be presented online so that the user is able to observe the functioning of the system. Regular research flights have been carried out in Kłodzko County since 2012. The study areas correspond to sites where our Partner, the County Office in Kłodzko (SW Poland) – owner of the Local System for Flood Monitoring in Kłodzko County – has automatic gauges, and thus spatially reflect the hydrologic observation network. The aforementioned aerial module is experimental and will be incorporated into the entire system.
The transferable belief model (TBM) is used to combine the soil information from soil maps and remote sensing information from colour aerial photography in two steps, with respective assumptions about the uncertainty and reliability of data. At a first step, the soil type maps of different scales were analysed for mapping unit purity to derive a soil map with integrated uncertainty information (map₀). In the second step, belief values regarding soil type hypotheses were assigned to pixels derived from airphoto classification. The ’soil type - air photo dass’ combinations were determined according to results from tested area. This new map was combined with map₀ using TBM. Two scenarios for data reliability were studied. The resulting soil type map is depicting spatial variability visible on the airphoto, when data reliability was increased for remote sensing information. The additional values of maximum belief and weight of conflict from the TBM can be integrated into GIS as spatial uncertainty information.
Mapping and assessment of erosion risk is an important tool for planning of natural resources management, allowing researchers to propose modifi cation in land-use properly and implement more sustainable management strategies in the long-term. The Tapacurá river catchment, located in Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil, is one of the planning units for management of water resources of Recife Metropilitan Region (RMR), and it is divided into 12 sub-basins. The objective of this study is to evaluate the spatial variability of vegetal cover and sediment yield in this basin through remote sensing and GIS techniques. Maps of the erosivity (R), erodibility (K), topographic (LS), cover-management (C) and support practice (P) factors were derived from the digital elevation model (DEM), climate database, and soil and NDVI maps, taking into account information available in the literature. In order to validate the simulation process, Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) was estimated. The obtained NDVI map showed vegetation loss during the analyzed period, indicating a distinct contrast between loss and gains of vegetation index. The vegetation and sediment yield mapping showed to be a useful tool for environmental monitoring and management, which can provide satisfactory results when jointly used. The results suggest a mean SDR around 0.9 and estimate the sediment yield as 23.98 ton/ha/month.
Winter conditions of low air temperature cause development of ice phenomena at rivers and reservoirs, creating often problems in their exploitation. There is a need to continuously monitor the spatial extension of ice phenomena and their different forms. Local water authority (RZGW Warszawa) prepares for rivers under their administration a daily reports on ice conditions in winter. Ice reports are prepared from visual inspection of the RZGW personnel visiting selected sections of the river course. This is specially problematic in holidays and weekends when usually data from observations are missing. In this study it is tested application of microwave remote sensing data from Sentinel-1 platform to observe the development and recession of the ice cover at the Dębe reservoir in winter 2017. Satellite Sentinel-1 radar images are distributed by the European Space Agency (ESA) on the open access policy. These are two satellites A and B which every 2 days collect images in SAR active remote sensing technique. Dębe reservoir was created in 1963 by closing by the barrage Narew river below its confluence with Bug river. Maximum water head is 7.10 m, and average 6.8 m. Area of the reservoir is 30.3 km2 average discharge of Bug river at Wyszków gauge is 162 m³ ·s⁻¹, and Narew river at Zambski Kościelne gauge 139 m³ ·s⁻¹. Retention time of water in the reservoir is 3–4 days. Comparison of the average water temperature at gauge Zambski Kościelne and Wyszków from the winter half-year of the period 1963–1981 shows the increase of water temperature by 0.5–1 C after the year 1972 when Ostrołęka power station was put in to operation.. This difference in the temperature between Narew and Bug rivers is reflected by the ice conditions at the end of winter season. Sentinel-1 SAR instrument emits electromagnetic wavelength of 6 cm (C band), and are use two polarizations VH and VV. Using SNAP program geometric correction and color composite was created for selected images at the beginning and end of ice cover at Dębe reservoir on Narew river, covering period January 5-March 6, 2017. It has been found that interpretation of the Sentinel-1 images is most problematic if we want to detect boundary between open calm water and new fast ice. The flow of pancake ice on January 5, 2017 had been recorded and the pattern of ice distribution compared to flow lines calculated by the hydrodynamic CCHE2D model. Result of the hydrodynamic modeling shows circulation pattern in the widest part of the reservoir where are also the most favorable conditions for lake type of ice cover formation. End of ice cover is represented by the image of February 26, 2017 which shows the Narew river free from ice due to higher temperature of the water. Relatively simple visual interpretation of the Sentinel-1 VH and VV images can by used in the study of ice phenomena on major rivers and lakes.
The Levantine basin in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is subject to spatial and seasonal variations in primary production and physical-chemical properties both on a short and long-term basis. In this study, the monthly means of daily MODIS product images were averaged between 2002 and 2015, and used to characterize the phytoplankton blooms in different bioregions of the Levantine basin. The selected products were the sea surface temperature (SST), the chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (Kd_490) and the colored dissolved organic matter index (CDOM_ index). Our results showed that phytoplankton blooms were spatially and temporally variable. They occurred in late autumn at the Nile Delta, in early spring and late summer at the eastern coastline, and in spring at the northeastern coastline. The northern coastline and the open water had a common bloom occurring in winter. The Nile Delta was found to be the most productive area of the Levantine basin showing high Chl-a. Kd_490 and Chl-a present a parallel co-variation indicating a dominance of Case 1 waters in the Levantine basin. The CDOM_index shows a phase shift with the Chl-a fluctuation. A strong inverse correlation was observed between both Chl-a and CDOM_index with SST, connoting an indirect relation represented by a depression of CDOM in summer by photobleaching, and a suppression of the chlorophyll-a concentration due to water stratification, together with nutrient stress. An overestimation of the Chl-a values had been signaled by the use of the CDOM_index, suggesting a correction plan in a latter study.
Habitat quality for many wildlife populations has a spatial component related to the arrangement of habitat elements across large geographic areas. With remote sensing and GIS technology, this paper presents an approach to calculate Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) for Giant Pandas to evaluate the habitat quality. In this paper, a buffer of a given distance (30 km or more) to the Giant Panda distribution area estimated in three national surveys (1974, 1989 and 2002), which is located in Sichuan, Gansu and Shanxi provinces in western China, was used as the study area. In order to study different species group’s habitat quality, the study area is divided into five parts: the Qinling mountain systems, located in the southeast in Shanxi province, the Minshan mountain systems, located in the south in Gansu province and northwest in Sichuan province, the Qionglai mountain systems, the Xiangling mountain systems and the Liangshan mountain systems, located in the west of Sichuan province, conforming to the five big Giant Panda species groups. Three physical environmental factors (elevation, slope and aspect), one ecological factor (vegetation distribution) and several human-influence factors (distances to highways, general roads, inhabitants and rural areas) are selected as the influence factors to calculate HSI. Each factor was reclassified by grid-cell (30 × 30 m per cell) to the suitability index scale from 0 to 1 based on habitat affinities before final calculation. After analyzing the HSI values on the most Giant Panda distribution area, 0.0144 was considered as the threshold habitat quality. Then, HSI was calculated for five mountain systems for three periods conforming to three national surveys (1974, 1989 and 2002). Several benefits to the approach can be highlighted. Firstly, HSI can be used as the standard to evaluate the quality of Giant Panda habitat. Secondly, by using HSI maps from 1974, 1989 and 2002, we can see that the Giant Panda habitat was the largest in 1974, and was then reduced much before 1989. However, by 2002, it had recovered to some extent, which conforms to the habitat data from the three national surveys. Thirdly, the habitat changes in the five mountain systems examined in the study are different. Finally, nature reserves play an important role in the protection of Giant Panda habitat; there are more suitable habitats in nature reserves than non-protected areas.
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