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The main aim of the research was to determine a susceptibility of a dried sludge to a rehydration increase. The paper presents the results of investigations for a sludge which had been dried to ca. 86% of dry mass and stored in an airy place under roof during 2.5 years. As well, trials were carried out for a completely dried sludge (0% of water), stored outside under roof as well as inside in a laboratory room. To determine a maximum level of humidity increase, the results of re-hydration increase were presented for a sludge stored in conditions of capillary ascent. Additionally, a density, porosity and bulk density were determined for the investigated sludge.
The effects of iv infusion of 7.2% NaCl (HSS, 4 ml/kg; n=6) or 7.2% NaCl in 6% dextran 70 (HSD, 4 ml/kg; n=6) followed by administration of 0.9% NaCl (ISS, 32 ml/kg) on sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K) serum concentrations, osmolality (Osm), total protein content (TP), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and red blood cell count (RBC) were evaluated in twelve healthy sheep for 360 min. The changes in blood parametres after infusion of hypertonic and isotonic solutions were not significantly different between HSS and HSD groups. In these groups the increase in Na, Cl and Osm accompanied by the decrease in K, TP, PCV, Hb and RBC were observed at 5 min after administration of hypertonic solutions. Infusion of ISS 60 min after administration of HSS or HSD did not produce a further increase in Na, Cl and Osm, whereas K, TP, PCV, Hb and RBC decreased to the lowest values at 90 min. These results indicate that the initial bolus dose of HSS or HSD produces a rapid recruitment of extravascular fluids into the vascular compartment, whereas subsequent large volume infusion of ISS maintains intravascular blood volume expansion and does not create a risk of hypernatremia.
Apple cubes were dried with a convective method in a stream of air at the velocity of 4 m/s and temperature of 55°C as well as with a combined method consisting in pre-drying the apples with the convective method and finish-drying with the vacuum-microwave method (VM). The time of convective pre-drying reached: 40, 100 and 160 min, and the wattage of microwaves accounted for 240, 480 and 720 W. Drying shrinkage was measured by means of a measuring cylinder filled with linseed, whereas rehydration of the dried material was carried out in distilled water with a temperature of 21°C. Colour assessment was conducted based on results obtained with the use of a reflective colorimeter. The kinetics of apple cubes drying with the convective method was described using exponential functions. The VM finish-drying of the apples previously pre-dried with the convective method considerably shortened the total time of drying and decreased drying shrinkage. Apple cubes dried with the combined method demonstrated better rehydrating properties manifested by absorption capacity, dry mater holding capacity and rehydration ability as compared to the apples dried only with the use of the convective method. Drying resulted in the browning of apple cubes and shift of colour from green to red and a negligible shift of colour from yellow to blue. The colour of samples finished-dried with the VM method was more shifted towards red and blue when compared to the samples dried only under convective conditions.
The development of fruit-based products with a high proportion of fruit and good nutritional, sensory and functional properties may help to diversify market supply. These products ought to be attractive, especially to young people, easy to consume and have a reasonably long shelf life. Three recipes of freeze-dried strawberry jelly with low-methoxyl pectin (LMP) (2.0, 2.5, 3.5% LMP) with the use of strawberry pulp were obtained and physical properties were investigated to choose the sample with the best quality factors. The quantity of added low-methoxyl pectin influences the physical properties of freeze-dried strawberry jellies. The recipe with 2.5% addition of low-methoxyl pectin was chosen based on the results obtained. Despite the relatively high friability and low hardness, and higher shrinkage, it has a fast rate of rehydration. It is also characterised by high porosity and the parameters of the colour most similar to the raw material and low water content and activity.
Celem pracy było przedstawienie wpływu wstępnego odwadniania osmotycznego jabłek odmiany Idared na ich właściwości rehydracyjne. Przed suszeniem konwekcyjnym stosowano osmotyczne odwadnianie jabłek w roztworze sacharozy o stężeniu 30 i 60% w temperaturze 30 i 50˚C przez 0,5, 1,0 i 1,5 h. Grubość próbek w kształcie prostopadłościanów o wymiarach 2,5 x 2,5 cm wynosiła 0,5 i 1,5 cm. Właściwości rehydracyjne suszu jabłkowego, analizowane na podstawie względnego przyrostu masy i ubytku suchej substancji, zależały od stężenia roztworu osmotycznego i początkowej grubości próbek. Niższe stężenie roztworu sacharozy oraz mniejsza grubość próbek wpływały na zwiększenie względnego przyrostu masy w suszach jabłkowych, ale różnice te były mniej widoczne w przypadku rehydracji prowadzonej przez 4 h w porównaniu z rehydracją 1-godzinną. Zmiany przyrostu masy suchej substancji i ubytku wody podczas wstępnego odwadniania osmotycznego jabłek przed suszeniem konwekcyjnym w małym stopniu korelowały ze względnym przyrostem masy suchej substancji w rehydrowanych suszach. Na wartości analizowanych wskaźników rehydracji większy wpływ niż przyrost masy suchej substancji miał stopień odwodnienia próbek wyrażony jako ubytek wody z jabłek.
The reconstitutional properties of mushroom fruitbodies dried convectionally and sublimatically were analysed. The fruitbodies of nameko (Pholiota nameko) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes) which differ in the structure, chemical composition and growth rate were examined. It was found that the most important influence on the rehydration rapidity (time of rehydration) was exterted by the method of drying. The differences between these two species of mushrooms were also distinctive and dependent on individual features of raw substrate and was closely connected with the examinated mushroom species.
The aim of this work was to study the infrared (IR) drying of apple slices. In present article are investigated the effects of blanching, of air velocity and of different air temperatures on the drying time and on the rehydration ratioas a quality property. In the article a simultaneous heat and mass transfer model is presented that calculates the rate of moisture vaporization with the approximation about 13.8% in average. The food materials slices were dried by near infrared (NIR) heating by the natural convection and also by the forced convection with air velocities 0.25 and 0.5 m·s–1and at different air temperatures 23 and 28°C. NIRdrying presents good results for dehydration of thick materials that is needed for better preservation of food quality. The qualities of dried slices were compared by a rehydration ratio because of its relation to the dependence of degree and of rehydration duration on the initial properties of raw materials, on the accuracy of the drying process, and on the storage conditions. The test of the effect of blanching confirms that the drying time of blanched apple slices is much shorter than for unblanched raw materials slices. Decrease of air velocity educes the drying time. The lower air temperature makes the duration of drying longer. The rehydration ratio was found higher for blanched dried samples.
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