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Effect of visible light on the process of accelerated oxidation of dye contained in red paprika powder. The effect of temperature and visible light intensity on changes in ground paprika colour was investigated. In determination of changes in colour parameters there were used the colour space L*. a*, b*, the total colour change TCD and sample whiteness index WI. Investigations were carried out at three lighting intensity levels of D65 light (6000, 4500, 0 lx) at storage temperature (30º, 40º, 50ºC). The DOE model for investigation planning included in Statistica Program was used in investigations. The validation investigations were carried out to verify the model. Colour changes in the investigated samples were connected, first of all, with their lighting intensity and less so with storage temperature. A two-stage process of colour changes in the samples illuminated with the light of intensity 6000 lx was found. The carried out investigations can be used in predicting the time of changes in colour parameters of ground paprika exposed to intense radiation in the range of visible light.
The effect of ethephon applied at seedling on accumulation of earotenoid pigments in fruit of hot pepper Capsicum annuum L. var Bronowicka Ostra was studied. Ethephon was found to stimulate fruit maturation. The mass of ripe fruit from the second and third harvest increased by more than 44% on average compared to controls. Fruit from the third harvest had higher content of red pigment capsanthin (11% on average) and ß-earotene (14%), and ß-cryptoxanthin-provitamin A (18%) than control fruit. The increase in the level of these pigments was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of zeaxanthin and disappearance of neoxanthin. Supposedly ethephon regulates fruit maturation by stimulating carotenogenesis.
Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Hughes has been recognized as one of casual agents of anthracnose roots pepper in south-eastern Poland. During 2007–2012 the species was isolated from roots of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivated in the field. The purpose of the study was morphological characterization and biotic activity of C. coccodes isolates. Five randomly chosen isolates from fungus population and one reference isolate obtained from Bank of Plant Pathogens and Investigation of their Biodiversity of IPP-NRI in Poznan in Poland were studied. The character of culture like growth rate, the colour of averse and reverse and the formation of morphological structures of the fungus such as acervuli, conidia, sclerotia were studied. Ultrastructural observations of morphological structures were made using light and scanning electron microscopy. Biotic activity of C. coccodes was conducted using the method of biotic series on PDA. Seven species of test fungi were used in the study: Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Gibberella avenacea, G. intricans, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Trichoderma harzianum. The biotic activity test showed that C. coccodes is a weak competitor, and its development in the rhizosphere of sweet pepper may be limited by numerous antagonists.
The seedlings of the red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. Trapez grown in water culture for a period of 14 days with A1 (0, 10, 20 and 40 mg·dm⁻³ AlCl₃·6 H₂O). Some morphological and anatomical features of red pepper shoots were analyzed. Reduction in height and diameter of stems as well as decrease in fresh mass of shoots were observed after Al-treatment. In the hypocotyl the thickness of cortex parenchyma layer and the size of their cells were reduced. The aluminum treatment resulted in the increased in thickness of the epidermis outer cell wall. Under Al stress in the cotrex and the central cylinder parenchyma cells were present numerous enlarge plastids which contained large grains of starch and dark little bodies which were possible aluminum deposits. They weren't observed in control seedlings.
The effect of aluminum was investigated on the cell ultrastructure of roots of fourteen-day-old `Trapez` red pepper seedlings grown in water culture. Disorders in the cell structure were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). An analysis of longitudinal sections of the apical region of the control plants’ roots showed that cells of the cap and cells of the meristematic region had an arrangement and shape typical for these root regions, and cell organelles were properly developed. Changes in the cell structure under the infl uence of aluminum involved a reduction in the number of starch grains in the leucoplasts of the cap, the formation of lobate nuclei and a reduction in the number of cisternae in the dictyosomes as well as the damage of the cell membranes. Moreover, the swelling of mitochondria was observed with a simultaneous reduction in the number of mitochondrial cristae or the bursting of the membrane of these structures. In the vacuoles of the investigated root section, the presence of numerous electron-opaque large-sized formations was found, being most probably aluminum deposits. The cell wall, often thickened, was wavy or the formation of two walls in close distance was observed. The obtained results prove the high sensitivity of the studied red pepper cultivar to aluminum stress.
The study dealt with the diversity of androgenesis potential among selected pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes, which are commonly cultivated in Poland. Total of 4430 anthers of 8 morphologically and physiologically different breeding lines, varieties, and hybrid pepper genotypes were cultured according to Dumas de Vaulx et al. (1981), with slight modifications concerning culture media composition and the length of anthers incubation period on CP medium. In the course of experiment the effectiveness of androgenic embryos and mature plants production was analysed. As a result of this study total number of 127 androgenic embryos and 108 mature plants were obtained. Additionally, a large diversity among all the analysed pepper genotypes was observed. Considerably more responsive ones turned out to be the hybrid genotypes, as compared with their parental forms. The best results were obtained for (ATZ1xCDT)F₁ hybrid (9.8%), while the lowest androgenesis potential presented TG breeding line (0.5%). As the large diversity in androgenesis effectiveness among local pepper genotypes was confirmed, it is worth to concern the necessity of determination of this characteristic for the pepper germplasm stored in pepper gene banks.
The aim of the present work was to determine differences in C and O glycosides of flavonoids, derivatives of phenolic acids, as well as capsaicinoid content in two semi-hot pepper cultivars, cv. Tornado and Tajfun. Fruits were harvested at the green and red maturity stages. Flavonoid and capsaicinoid fractions were isolated on Sep-Pak C18 cartridges with 40% and 70% methanol-water solutions, respectively. The chemical composition of both fractions was determined by HPLC method using standards of phenolic compounds obtained in the earlier work and the capsaicin standard. The flavonoid fraction contained glucose esters of phenolic acid, mainly ferulic and sinapic acid, as well as derivatives of flavonoids, quercetin, luteolin and apigenin, which occurred as O- and C- glycosides with glucose, rhamnose, and apiose. The capsaicinoid fraction contained mainly capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. It was found that in green fruits flavonoid O-glycosides were the predominant phenolics, while in red ones derivatives of phenolic acids. A higher loss of O-glycosides of flavonoids than of C-glycosides was observed during the maturation of the fruit of semi-hot pepper cultivars.
W pracy analizowano zmienność i odziedziczalność cech plonotwórczych wybranych rodów papryki rocznej (Capsicum annuum L.) typu Kambi pochodzenia bułgarskiego. Zmienność i odziedziczalność wybranych cech papryki słodkiej typu Kambi oceniano w pięciu okresach wegetacyjnych (1997-2001). Na podstawie pomiarów biometrycznych roślin papryki oceniono następujące cechy: plon owoców z 1 m2, liczbę owoców z 1 m2, średnią masę owocu, wysokość owocu, szerokość owocu, grubość miąższu, liczbę komór, masę rdzenia, współczynnik kształtu owocu, masę miąższu, masę tysiąca nasion. Odziedziczalność wybranych cech oceniono na podstawie współczynników odziedziczalności (h2) „w szerokim sensie” oszacowanych metodą analizy wariancji ze stosunku wariancji genotypowej do fenotypowej oraz obliczając współczynniki korelacji i regresji rodziców względem potomstw. Współczynnik odziedziczalności oparty na współczynniku korelacji i regresji podano jak dla rośliny samopłodnej. W pierwszym roku badań zwraca uwagę wysoka odziedziczalność badanych cech, przy ocenie na podstawie analizy wariancji. Świadczy to pośrednio o dość dużym zróżnicowaniu genetycznym badanej populacji. W następnych latach, selekcja na cechy plonotwórcze (kształt i masa owoców) spowodowała ujednolicenie genetyczne populacji. „Rozwarstwienie” populacji pojawia się w piątym roku badań. W roku 2001 stwierdzono wysoką odziedziczalność średniej masy owocu (h2=0,88), plonu owoców z 1 m2 (h2=0,80) oraz grubości miąższu (h2=0,93). Odziedziczalność cech obliczona jako korelacja lub regresja wartości cechy rodziców i potomstwa wskazuje na średnią masę owoców, plon z rośliny, masę miąższu, kształt owoców jako cechy o silnej determinacji genetycznej powtarzalnej w latach.
Istotne znaczenie dla przemysłu przetwórczego mają poziom i wyrównanie cech technologicznych surowca. Materiałem badawczym były owoce trzech wielkoowocowych odmian papryki (Capsicum annuum L.) pochodzące z upraw pod folią. Oceniono średni poziom oraz zakres zmienności masy owoców, masy i wydajności biologicznej, masy i udziału przegród oraz liczby komór. Średnia masa owocu wahała się od 291 g dla odmiany Luba i 221 g dla odmiany Mino do 167 g dla odmiany Sono. Wydajność biologiczna oznaczająca udział części jadalnych w masie owocu osiągnęła najwyższy poziom (88,2%) u odmiany Mino. Największym udziałem masy przegród, sięgającym 2,6% masy owocu charakteryzowała się odmiana Sono. Badane odmiany różniły się pod względem wielkości współczynników zmienności cech. Najbardziej wyrównane owoce obserwowano u odmiany Mino. Stwierdzono ponadto istotne dodatnie współzależności między średnią masą a biologiczną masą owoców ora między masą przegród a liczbą komór, natomiast ujemną korelację między udziałem przegród a masą biologiczną.
The studies on effect of growing conditions on vitamin E content in fruits of two cultivars of sweet pepper (Bendigo F1, and Lamuyo F1) were carried out. The influence of growing substrate type (sphagnum peat or rockwool, Flormin, Poland), season of fruits harvesting (Summer or Autumn) and dosages of mineral liquid nutrition were investigated. It was found that fruits of sweet pepper grown in rockwool contained more vitamin E than those from sphagnum peat substrate (ring culture), during Summer harvesting. In Autumn differences appeared too, but most of them were not statistically proved. The sweet pepper fruits harvested at Summer contained more vitamin E than fruits from Autumn. There were not significant differences among vitamin E level in fruits of the plants cultivated in rockwool at different dosages of fertilizers.
Natural supplementations are used in agriculture nowadays not only for improving plant performance but also for reducing the contamination of plant edible parts. Two field trials were conducted to study the potential effects of licorice root extract (LRE; 0.5%) on performance, physio-biochemical components, antioxidant defense system, and contaminants concentrations of Capsicum annuum L. plants grown on a saline soil contaminated with heavy metals. LRE was applied in single (i.e., as rhizosphere application with drip irrigation water; -RA or as foliar spray; -FA) or in integration (i.e., LRE-RA + LRE-FA) treatment. The results showed that both single or integrative treatments significantly increased plant growth and yield, leaf concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, free proline, total soluble sugars, N, P, and K⁺, ratio of K⁺/Na⁺, and activities of CAT, POX, APX, SOD and GR, while significantly reduced contaminants; Na⁺, Cd, Cu, Pb and Ni concentrations in plant leaves and fruits on heavy metals-contaminated saline soil compared to the control (without LRE). Additionally, the integrative LRE-RA + LRE-FA treatment significantly exceeded both single treatments in this concern, which had been recommended for maximizing pepper plant performances with minimizing heavy metals in fruits on contaminated saline soils.
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