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Natural regeneration in temperate forests is known to be distributed unevenly, forming dense clumps or patches of young trees confined often to canopy gaps. However, in some studies no significant relationship between the presence of gaps and advanced regeneration was found. The analysis of the relationship between tree stand density and young trees density and growth rates was conducted to check if oldgrowth temperate forests with numerous canopy openings permit development of young trees throughout the forest floor, not only directly under canopy gaps. The study was conducted in an old-growth stand of Fagus sylvatica L., Abies alba Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Babia Góra National Park (Western Carpathians, Poland). The elevation is 940–1010 m a.s.l., slope inclination varies from 2 to 40%, mean annual temperature for that area is 4°C and annual precipitation amounts to 1300–1400 mm. Stand basal area in the study plot has increased from 38 m² ha⁻¹ in 1991 to 40.7 m² ha⁻¹ in 2004, and canopy openness has decreased from 15.6% in 1996 to 9.3% in 2003. Saplings were totally dominated by European beech; during 13 years of study sapling density has increased by 50%, along with the sum of sapling heights (from 0.79 mm⁻² to 1.59 mm⁻²) and the mean height (from 1.42 m to 2.46 m). The increase in sapling sizes strongly varied among individuals within plot and was only weakly related to the relative light intensities measured at the individual plot level (for sums of diameters t = 0.293, P > 0.05). The development of young generation of trees in the study area seems to support the “medium disturbance” hypothesis, with a non-continuous regeneration triggered by external disturbance, and several tree recruitment episodes during the lifespan of canopy trees.
This research was conducted on the Feral Pigeon population in Słupsk (NW Poland). Breeding parameters and the number of parental pairs' young recruited into the breeding population were determined for 52-112 marked pairs over three breeding seasons. Pairs had an average of 4.4 broods and produced 3.6 fledglings per breeding season. From 39 to 49% of pairs in various seasons did not have any young recruited. Every fourth pair (25-30%) had a single young bird recruited, from 12 to 20% of pairs — two young, from 4 to 11% — 3 young, and 6% of pairs had from four to six young recruited. The number of recruits depended on the breeding parameters of the parents: it was lowest among young pairs (low quality birds), those that began breeding late in the season, had a short breeding season, or low breeding success. In contrast, high quality birds with a long breeding season, the highest reproductive parameters and breeding success, had the most young recruited. Survival rate of young after leaving the nest was not found to be influenced by the starting date or the length of the breeding season of pairs. However, nesting conditions, such as pair density in colonies, may influence the fate of young birds after they leave the nest and are recruited.
From among three stands, situated in the lower mountain zone, and representing the association Dentario-glandulosae Fagetum, the Łopuszna I stand, being in the growing up stage and phase of selection forest, reached the highest increment (8.5 m3/ha/year, i.e. 1.3% of actual stand volume/ha measured at the end of the control period). Stands, Łopuszna II, being in the stage of an intensive break-up, and Łopuszna III, being in the stage of an initial break-up, reached smaller increments (5.4 and 6.3 m3/ha/year respectively, i.e. each 0.9% of actual stand volume/ha). The greatest tree mortality occurred in stands Łopuszna II and III (14.1 and 10.5 m3/ha/year respectively), and the smallest in the stand Łopuszna I (4.8 m3/ha/year). The knowledge about the value of mortality, recruitment, and increment, expressed in the number of trees and in volume units, may greatly help in planning the amount of cut which would secure sustainability of the forest ecosystem in the layer of trees in the economic as well as in the protection forests, under similar stand and site conditions, managed by the selection cutting permitting to realize the conception of a close-to-nature silviculture.
Ligularia virgaurea (Maxim.) is a typical naturally-occurring native noxious weed, widely distributed in alpine grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau, China. Three field sampling plots (30 m ´ 50 m) dominated by L. virgaurea were selected to study its population colonization mode and the relationship between sexual- and clonalrecruitment in alpine meadow of the QinghaiTibetan Plateau, NW China. Field investigations were conducted on its soil seed bank, seed rain and the individuals of new recruitment (seedlings and ramets) to study its sexual and asexual recruitment. And, 46 individuals which produced the seeds were selected randomly to study their relationship between seed production and ramet production. Results showed that there were more ramets (26.23 ramets m⁻²) and less seedlings (6.70 seedlings m⁻²) and a mean value of seed rain was close to 8.04 seeds m⁻², but the soil seed bank for this species was not found in study sites. Significantly negative correlations (r = – 0.416, P <0.001) between seed number per individual and ramet number per adult individual were found for L. vrigaurea in studied alpine grasslands. Our results revealed that clonal reproduction was the main population colonization mode. In addition, there was a significantly negative relationship between seed production and ramets for this species.
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