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The article presents information concerning the function of organic matter in soil, natural factors affecting the content of organic matter in soils, environmental aspects and management of current problems in managing soil matter in agriculture. On the basis of author’s own research and review of subject literature the results of several years of experience on the dynamics of changes and quality of organic matter in soil have been presented. Results of indicators of the organic matter in agricultural soils indicate a wide variation of humus content (0.5-10%). The average content of this substance in our soils is 2.2% (Stuczyński et al., 2007). The aim of this article is to pay special attention to broadening the scope of research on organic matter in order to develop norms that may be necessary when developing prevention programs targeted at reducing the content of organic matter in soils, in light of the increasing acreage crops in monocultures and reducing the use of natural fertilizers in agriculture. It is also necessary to draw attention to a broader perception of soil fertility from the environmental perspective, especially in order for the increase of the humus content through various agro-technical actions not to worsen quality of water, of food and of feed.
Within the research project: "Rationalization of marginal soils utilization" a database on the distribution of marginal soils based on natural criteria and included in the spatial information system has been developed in IMUZ. The main aim of the study was to identify and inventory marginal croplands in the regional scale. Basing on elaborated definitions and criteria for distinguishing marginal soils and habitats, a possibility of their identification upon the available cartographic documentation was analyzed. The possibility to inventory four types of marginal soils (sandy, erosive, polluted and mountain) on arable lands and five types of marginal habitats (bog, protected, extremely wet, polluted and mountain) on grasslands was demonstrated. For enlisted types of marginal soils and habitats, identification models in tabular form were built, which, after transformation into algorithms, were introduced into processing module in the created spatial information system. Elaborated identification system was tested on four regions differing in agricultural and natural conditions. The inventory of potential marginal croplands in the regional scale was found to be possible using computer techniques and collecting data acquired from the existing thematic maps. Obtained results confirm regional specifics of surface structure and sets of typical marginal soils and habitats. One of the main objectives of the research project: "Rationalization of marginal soils utilization" was to solve the problem of their identification and inventory in the regional and country scale. This paper presents principles of identification of marginal croplands based on the existing thematic maps and using elaborated identification models to build transformation algorithms in the spatial information system. Additionally, results of the inventory of marginal agricultural lands in selected regions are presented.
The paper shows that rational management of game populations is a set of breeding practices. These mainly involve creation of appropriate conditions that will be most beneficial for normal development and reproduction of animals. However, game breeding is considerably more difficult and hunters face problems that differ from those encountered by breeders of domesticated animals. This part is focused on hunting work that can determine and primarily improve the ontogenic quality of animals. Unlike in livestock breeding, the size of the home range and living conditions of game animals can be improved by enrichment of the feed and shelter base, regulation of the population size by culling weak/diseased individuals, and minimization of stress factors. The results confirming the impact of the hunting and breeding treatments are illustrated in a population of roe deer.
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