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The article reviews literature concerning the prevalence of major parasitic invasions in ostriches (Struthio camelus). It describes selected parasites from different systematic groups: protozoa (from genera Eimeria, Isopsora, Cryptosporidium, Balantidium, Entamoeba, Histomonas, Trichomonas), trematodes (Philophtahalmus sp.), tapeworms (Houttuynia struthioni), roundworms (Libyostrongylus spp, Codiostomum struthionis), mallophaga (Sruthiolipeurus spp) and acari (Dermoglyphus pachycnemis, Gabucinia bicaudata).
Pathological changes of liver in infection of Fasciola hepatica. Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is a hepatic parasitic infection that affects numerous mammal species, mainly ruminants, in several countries of Europe, Asia and America. The economic significance of fasciolosis is mainly due to direct losses caused by a decrease of weight rate, milking capacity and the confiscation of altered livers in slaughterhouse. In this review we present mechanisms of damaging of host liver during invasion of Fasciola hepatica. Parasites digest hepatic tissue and cause extensive parenchymal destruction with intensive haemorrhagic lesions and immunological reactions. Mechanical liver damage is due to migrating juvenile fluke. Macerated hepatic cells have been observed inside the oral sucker and pharynx. Moreover, the process of ulceration of liver tissue was observed in regions adjacent to the spiny body of fluke tegument. On the other hand, the injury of the liver can be induced chemically by factors produced or induced by the fluke. Probably, fluke proteases and other tissue-degrading enzymes can be responsible for negative effect on liver parenchyma. There is no evidence to link fluke-enzymes with tissue penetration. The consequences of liver damage resulting from the migrating flukes compromises liver function which is reflected in changes of plasma protein concentration (albumin, globulin). Additianally, changes of levels of hepatic enzymes released into the blood as a result of damage of liver tissue are used to monitor the progress of the infection in a variety of Fasciola hepatica hosts and as a sensitive diagnostic aid in field infection.
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Five white-tailed eagles were dissected - 3 from the Czech Republic and 2 from Poland. 4 specimens were infected with trematodes only: Strigea falconis, Neodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) perlatum, and Paracoenogonimus ovatus. S. falconis was found for the first time in an eagle from the Czech Republic, whereas N. (C.) perlatum and P. ovatus were detected for the first time in eagle from Poland. Moreover, N. (C.) perlatum is a new species for the Polish parasite fauna.
The presence of parasitic Nematodes was determined by visual assessment of damage to the 271 weasel skulls (154 males and 117 females). The damages were attributed to Skrjabingylus nasicola (LEUCKART, 1842) or Troglotrema acutum (LEUCKART, 1842) (on the basis of it's appearance and relevant papers). The frequency of infestation by both parasites was 38%. It was higher in females and also increased along with age. A significant dependence between skull length of adult specimens and infestation rate was found.
Fasciolosis, caused by the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) is an important issue for both human and animal health. The disease evokes economic losses which are a consequence of impaired animal productivity leading to higher costs of meat and milk production, as well as liver condemnation. The goals of this thesis were to: (1) elaborate a molecular method - PCR for the detection of F. hepatica DNA in intermediate and definite hosts; (2) estimate the usefulness of a recombinated cysteine proteinase produced in E. coli in the form of inclusive bodies in serological diagnosis of F. hepatica infection in definite hosts, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); (3) conduct field research on the prevalence of infection among intermediate and definitive hosts (cattle) in chosen regions of Poland, utilizing the elaborated methods. Based on the results obtained in this study, it was established that it is possible to detect F. hepatica DNA in the feces of definite hosts with the elaborated PCR method. The amplification of a 124 base pair tandem repeat allows the detection of fluke larval stages in intermediate hosts within 12 hours of exposure and F. hepatica infection in definite hosts (by the 5th week in rats, 8th week in sheep and 10th week in cattle). Therefore, the PCR test is more sensitive than traditional microscopic methods. Furthermore, it was determined that, the recombinated cysteine proteinase in the form of inclusive bodies, after solubillization exhibits antigenic properties of the native protein and the ELISA method based on this antigen may be useful as a tool for diagnosing fasciolosis in sheep and cattle, in both serum and milk samples. The test achieves a greater sensitivity and specificity than an ELISA based on native excretory-secretory antigens. The results of field research indicate that Fasciola hepatica is a frequent parasite of cattle in central and eastern Poland. The mean prevalence was 34.86% (±16.95) in all studied areas. The prevalence among intermediate hosts varied greatly (0–100%). The elaborated tests were proved to be valuable, mutually complementing diagnostic tools, applicable to different epidemiological situations.
We introduce logistic regression procedure and explain how it can be applied for classification of species. This technique is more useful than traditionally used linear discriminant analysis since it does not require multivariate normality in populations being classified. Finally, the proposed approach is illustrated by an example of classification of four species of metacercariae of Diplosomum.
Celem niniejszej pracy jest opis zmian wywołanych w ekosystemie wodnym na skutek ingerencji człowieka poprzez wybudowanie stopnia wodnego piętrzącego wodę. Elementem badawczym pracy było określenie różnic w ilości ryb na stanowisku górnym i dolnym zbiornika Brzeg Dolny zaatakowanych przez czerniaczkę pasożytniczą. Ogólna ocena składu gatunkowego ryb w zbiorniku wodnym i poniżej stopnia w Brzegu Dolnym pozwoliła na przeprowadzenie analizy ilościowej ryb występujących w Odrze. Na rozpatrywanym odcinku cieku, najwięcej ryb zaliczono do rodziny karpiowatych tj. 89% w stosunku do całej populacji. W trakcie prowadzonych badań określono ogólną kondycję zdrowotną ryb na stanowisku dolnym i górnym. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono zmianom parazytologicznym tj. zmianom powłokowym ryb wywołanych przez przywrę (Posthodiplostomum cuticola). Wstępna analiza badań i oraz przegląd danych literaturowych wykazują na zróżnicowany charakter ekosystemu rzecznego powyżej i poniżej stopnia w Brzegu Dolnym. Stopień ten stanowi przeszkodę w rzece, która tworzy dwa oddzielne środowiska dla bytowania ryb. Stopień wodny w Brzegu Dolnym wpływa na liczebność populacji ryb poniżej i powyżej stopnia wodnego oraz wystepowanie osobników porażonych czerniaczką pasożytniczą. Przejście fali wezbraniowej przyczyniło się do migracji osobników (w tym zatakowanych czerniaczką) w dół rzeki.
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This is a review article concerning an influence of trematodes infections on a defence system of snails. Changes in: snails' plasma composition, a number of hemocytes, size of a hemo-poietic organ, molecules secreted by hemocytes and defence cells activities caused by the infections are discussed in detail. The differences in humoral and cellular response between susceptible and resistant strains of snails as well as between young and old snails are also presented in the article. Finally, the problem of an existence of the specific immunological memory in snails is analyzed.
Illustrated descriptions of Mosesia pavlovskii, M. sittae and M. microsoma have been presented. These species have been described for the first time in Poland, and two of them - M. sittae and M. microsoma - have not been know in Europe until now. Motacilla flava, Turdus philomelos and T. merula are new hosts of these trematodes. M. sittae has been recognized as an autochthonous species - completing its life cycle in the climatic conditions of Lower Silesia. As for the other two species, the author supposes that their invasion has been connected with the birds' migrations or wintering.
This is a review article based on about 100 papers from leading world newspapers. The main features and the way of action of the snail's immune system are described. The mechanisms of discrimination between self and non-self are presented in detail, including characterization of interacting components of host (cellular and humoral factors) and parasite (a sporocyst surface) origin. The phenomena of molecular disguise and molecular mimicry are discussed in the context of the compatibility betweeen a host and a parasite. The possible ways of killing parasite are indicated, with special regard to production of reactive oxygen intermediates by hemocytes during the process of killing.
Investigations were carried out on 993 cows in 14 breeding farms in 1998-1999. In 871 cows feces from rectum were collected and examined in the laboratory; eggs of Fasciola hepatica were detected in 36, that is 4.13%. The most extensive invasion of fasciolosis was observed in dairy cows from the Myszyniec area (20%) and in farms in the north-east Olsztyn area (8.7-16.7%); the lowest prevalence was observed in the west of the Olsztyn area (2.2-3.3%). In 6 (42.8%) out of 14 investigated farms liver fluke was not observed. The research showed that the significantly decreased extensive invasion of Fasciola hepatica in dairy cows in North-East Poland was not caused by systematic treatment, but was influenced by environmental indicators, mostly from acidity of water, where miracidiums die and snails - intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica - do not develop.
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