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Biological damage brought about by free radical mediated mechanisms can be prevented either by specific chemical scavengers or by protective enzymes that neutralise the radicals or their precursors. Protection can also occur by repair of damage once it has occurred. This review summarises studies of the major biochemical defence mechanisms against oxidants and free radicals and the mechanisms that repair oxidatively damaged proteins. These mechanisms may be a field in the search for improved ways to inhibit parasite survival.
The aim of the paper was to identify the influence of magnesium on the preservation of pathogenic abilities of entomopathogenic nematodes living in soil contaminated with oil derivatives. Entomopathogenic nematodes living under natural conditions in soil or applied to soil as biopreparations for plant pest control are sensitive to soil contamination with heavy metals and oil derivatives. These nematodes do not respond directly by higher mortality but by a decrease in their pathogenic abilities, which adversely affects the success in searching and eliminating pests. A Polish commercial preparation called Owinema SC, containing infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), was used to test the effect of oil derivatives on pathogenicity and reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes. Soil was polluted with petrol, diesel oil and used engine oil; the control was soil unpolluted with oil derivatives. Magnesium sulphate was also added (MgSO4∙H2O) in the amount of 160 mg per 1 liter of the suspension. The three oil derivatives in concentrations of: 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 g or in double doses, i.e. 0.6, 1.2 and 2.0 g were poured over weighted soil batches. The control remained intact. Three replications of each treatment were made. Subsequently, Tenebrio molitor L. larvae used as bait inesct were placed in containers with the suspension. The bait insects were kept in the containers for 7 days, and afterwards they were removed from the soil and taken from the traps in order to check their mortality rate. Furthermore, to test the reproduction ability of entomopathogenic nematodes, dead larvae were moved to “islands” previously prepared according to the Dutky method. The results were presented as the number of entomopathogenic nematodes per 1 dead larvae of Tenebrio molitor L.
In the field experiments performed in 1999–2001 the profitability of late blight control in accordance with three decision support systems: NegFry,Simphyt and Stephan with routine fungicide program was compared. Potato protection carried out according to the recommendations of the decision support systems guaranteed higher profitability of late blight control than when potato was protected routinely. The highest profitability was recorded for susceptible variety Bekas protected according to NegFry.
Mercury is known to be toxic to a number of phytoplankton even at very low concentrations. The metal inhibited survival, growth and biosynthesis of chlorophyll, carbohydrate and lipid of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris at its toxic concentrations (≥ 0.1 μM), but induced the biosynthesis of proline. The addition of amino acids (Alanine, Aspargine, Glutamate, Histidine and Cysteine) to the growth medium had a significant impact on bioassay results. The toxicity was expressed differently depending on concentration and type of amino acid added to cultures. LC50s ranged from 0.68 ± 0.004 to 0.97 ± 0.008 μM and the acute toxicity of Hg2+ in amino acid supplemented media followed the order C > C + ALA > C + GLU > C + ASP > C + HIS > C + CYS. The static dose of the metal to the alga was found to be 1 + 0.006 μM but its inhibitory effect on the alga was drastically reduced with the addition of amino acids. There were positive correlations between growth and metabolic activities of the alga and concentration of amino acid added to cultures at the presence of static concentration of Hg2+. The results suggested that amino acids have moderating effects on toxicity of Hg2+ because of their ability to regulate the concentration of free Hg2+ ions in growth medium.
The most important enzymatic mechanisms which protect an organism against oxidative stress are superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (Px), e.g. glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase. Their activity depends on many trace elements. Enzymatic mechanisms, functioning under physiological conditions, prevent the spread of free radical reactions. New and reoccurring metabolic and infectious diseases of cattle emerge when there is a disproportion in the balance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidative enzymatic barrier.
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