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The territory covered by protected areas in Poland sums up to 33.1% and amount of it varies as far as single regions are concerned. The region with the highest percentage of areas covered by them is Świętokrzyskie voivodeship — 62%. There are 72 gminas in Świętokrzyskie voivo­deship among which in 49 protected areas cover more than half of the territory. These areas are usually landscape parks and protected landscape areas. Financing economic development on the regional and local scale requires application of various indirect and direct instruments of structural and tax policy. The efficiency of local development financing is conditioned by both, external and internal factors. Among internal conditions the most important are: demo­graphic, unemployment rate, infrastructure and expenditure on social welfare and investments. First part of the dissertation presents the protected areas and problem areas in Świętokrzyskie voivodeship in the aspect of local development. Second part of the paper describes local investments funded from Regional Operational Program of Swiętkorzyskie voivodeship for years 2004-2006.
This study analyzes the evaluation of land cover supervised classification quality. Authors put forward the hypothesis that the overall accuracy of image classification depends on its division into parts of the same area. The dependence is described by the logarithmic curve – Т = 4.3004·ln(x) + 72.697, because the determination coefficient is maximum (R2 = 0.9678). The research area was the Yuntolovo reserve, the protected area near St. Petersburg (Russia). In order to increase the overall accuracy of the land cover automatic classification based on aerial images, a new methodology of data preprocessing was introduced. The proposed method of estimating the overall classification accuracy of land cover protected areas increases on average by 10% by dividing the source aerial image into no more than 10 equal parts. With further partitioning of the image into parts of the same area, the overall accuracy is slightly increased. Pixel-based image analysis of supervised classification and error matrix were evaluated using ILWIS 3.31 software and in our own software in .NET environment.
Subject and purpose of work: The article explores the issue of protected areas in the Podlaskie Province with particular reference to Natura 2000 areas. Its purpose is to investigate the familiarity of those areas as well as the perception of their attractiveness among the inhabitants of the Podlaskie Province. Materials and methods: Surveys conducted in the study involved 275 adult inhabitants of the Podlaskie Province. The selection of the research sample was accidental. Results: The meaning of the Natura 2000 concept was widely known among the respondents. These areas were considered to be attractive to tourists and quite often visited by the respondents. The most popular were the Bialowieza, Augustow and Knyszyn Forests. Hiking, cycling and canoeing were held most often in those areas Conclusions: Natura 2000 areas in the Podlasie Province constitute a valuable and popular tourist destination. What they need is proper tourism organization so as to give visitors an opportunity to get acquainted with their most important values, as well as ensure sustainable tourism and area protection.
Water dependent ecosystems are habitats most vulnerable to urbanization pressure. There are not many such habitats in Warsaw. Those which remained are mostly dewatered sites existing within green areas such as parks. Habitats with peat and moorsh soils have a unique value, thus there is a rational need for detailed research and evaluation to preserve them. This paper is a case-study of two different water dependent ecosystems, localized within the boundaries of Poland’s capital city, both remaining under strong urbanization pressure. Different actions were undertaken to preserve those habitats, with differing results. We examined tendencies of vegetation during recent 20–30 years, basing on fl oristical data. In the areas, where water regime has been disrupted, like Natural Landscape Complex “Olszyna” a significant decline of plants rare in the scale of Warsaw is being noticed. Habitats not disturbed by human interference like ”Zakole Wawerskie” do not suffer significant changes, even an increase of rare plants was marked. Presence of water dependent ecosystems is also correlated with population density. In the areas of highest population density these habitats occur seldom, are of a small size and have simplified border zones. The only areas within Warsaw borders where water dependent ecosystems maintained are the urban parks. In the last decades a progressive decline of wetlands is being noticed, which was also confirmed in this study. The only real chance for further preservation of this areas is to create biodiversity hotspots and good recreation infrastructure.
The principal aim of this research was to determine the vulnerability of two national parks (Fruška Gora and Djerdap) along the Serbian Danube region, which are protected areas of great national and international significance, to major natural hazards. An analysis of the potential hazards to the protected natural and cultural- historical values was performed, and the adequacy of the allocation of protected zones was then examined according to the vulnerabilities of these values to natural hazards. The creation of a multi-hazard map is the first important task for the prevention and mitigation of natural hazards in the risk-prone area. This research represents an important step in completing the European database by including data from Serbia, a territory that was a blank area in previous hazard maps.
The paper presents the principles of planning and designing selected elements of agricultural roads to be built on uplands located within protected areas. Special attention is paid the problem of localization of a road and choice of size of geometric elements. Various surface technologies, both presently applied and suggested to be used on local and internal roads are also discussed.
Understanding the factors affecting the species richness of alien and native plant is a key issue for predicting the spread of alien species and protecting rare and endangered native species in nature reserves. To investigate the factors affecting alien and native species richness in temperate nature reserves of China, we used a database of 25 nature reserves in Shandong Province of northern China, and studied the relationship of alien and native plant species richness with climatic and anthropogenic factors, as well as area and elevation range. We found that most of the nature reserves in Shandong Province have been invaded by alien plant species. The distribution of alien and native species responds to the same climatic factors, and temperature and precipitation exert strong effects on both groups. Alien and native plant species richness are positively correlated. Human activity is more effective for explaining richness of alien than for native species. Simultaneously, human activity has stronger effects on alien herbaceous than on alien woody plants. Our results suggest that native species richness is mainly explained by climatic factors, whereas alien species richness is mainly explained by climatic factors and human activity together.
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Microbotryum bistortum, M. dianthorum, M. superbum and M. langerheimii, rare species of smut fungi are reported from new localities in Poland, mostly in protected areas. Dianthus superbus subsp. superbus is a new host for M. superbum observed. Taxonomical status of M. carthusianorum and M. superbum is discussed in the paper.
The paper contains preliminary results of mycological research conducted in the Białaczów forest reserve, situated at the Wzgórza Opoczyńskie Upland. There are only data on macromycetes at this area. The occurrence of 167 species of macrofungi has been documented on the background of variety of tree stand and habitats. In July 2011 a heavy wind storm destroyed the tree stand and devastated the reserve. Now the area is in course of natural renovation. The data presented in the paper could be used as comparative fungal material concerning qualitative and quantitative changes.
Parks and other protected areas in tropical forests often include secondary forest, cropland, and pasture. Documentation of the impact of such anthropogenic disturbance is essential for effective management. We re-sampled bats within Mount Isarog Natural Park (MINP), a protected area in southeastern Luzon, Philippines, seventeen years after a survey in old- and second-growth forest and in agro-pastoral areas was conducted in 1988. By employing harp traps and a tunnel trap, in addition to mist nets as used in the earlier study, we aimed to document species previously undetected by mist netting alone. We documented 26 bat species, seven of which were captured exclusively in harp traps, and two that were only captured in a tunnel trap. This survey resulted in nine new records of bat species for MINP, bringing the total number to 30. We did not recapture four species documented in 1988, all of which were noted in that study as uncommon. Nineteen species were captured in agro-pastoral areas on the south slope, including two Hipposideros spp. not captured at the forested sites.
Ecological information concerning 292 fungal taxa is reported as a result of two surverys in the Biebrza National Park. Most data presented come from the 5-day all-fungi inventory of the Polish Mycological Society in 2013, and 47 species were recorded during studies in the Biele Suchowolskie fen in 2008/2009. In total, 27 species of zygomycetes, 232 ascomycetes (including anamorphs) and 27 basidiomycetes (mainly Pucciniales). Additionaly some representatives of fungi-like organisms from Stramenopiles (4 species) and Dictyostelia (2) were identified. Fungal groups included were the same as in the previous survey in 2012: 190 taxa associated with plants, 15 with animals, 8 with fungi and 71 isolated from soil, plant debris and animal excrements. The most numerous were anamorphic ascomycetes (159 species). Nineteen species have not been previously known from Poland and 31 species are rare (1–3 localities). For the Biebrza National Park 197 species (67.5%) are new.
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