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Predatory biting midges of the genus Sphaeromias (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Europe

100%

Szadziewski R., Gwizdalska-Kentzer M., Sontag E.

Polish Journal of Entomology

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2007

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tom 76

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nr 4

Recent examination of adult predatory biting midges of the genus Sphaeromias Curtis showed two species: S. fasciatus (MEIGEN, 1804) and S. pictus (MEIGEN, 1818) to occur in Europe. Ceratopogon punctatus MEIGEN, 1830, Ceratopogon candidatus LOEW, 1856, Xylocrypta miricornis KIEFFER, 1919 and Sphaeromias sparus BORKENT, 1997 are recognized as new junior synonyms of S. pictus. New synonymy.

2

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Synanthropic predators as an environmental threat

100%

Flis M.

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2013

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tom 31

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nr 1

3

Chemical cues from predators can induce anti-predator defence in freshwater algae and invertebrates

100%

Mikulski A.

Biological Bulletin of Poznań

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2000

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tom 37

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nr 1

4

Encounter rates in zooplankton

100%

Dzierzbicka-Glowacka L.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2006

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tom 15

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nr 2

The influence of turbulence (turbulent kinetic energy dissipation) on predator-prey interactions in zooplankton is discussed with respect to the combined effect of the choice of the turbulent length scale, and size and velocity of predator and prey concentration on the encounter rate. The significance of correct scaling to the turbulent encounter velocity is demonstrated, with three different definitions being considered: the average prey separation, the Kolmogorov scale, and the predator's reactive distance. Numerical investigations using these different definitions of scale were carried out to find the convergence conditions and the behaviour of the scale values for 5-10 mm fish larvae which feed off copepod nauplii in the 10⁴-10⁵ m⁻³ concentration range. The choice of the turbulent length scale is not important for small predator body sizes <5mm and high prey concentrations in the 10⁷-10⁸ m⁻³ range, which are reasonable prey densities for a 1-3 mm copepod (i.e. algae and protozoans). Also in the quasi-laminar regime of water flow (l=2πη) and high prey concentrations, the choice of correct scaling is not important. Predators of any body size will forage in such a regime immovably (swimming velocity v ≈0). However, for large larval lengths >10 mm and prey concentrations <10⁶ m⁻³, the scale can be defined as the average prey separation or as the predator's reactive distance. The effect of turbulence on the encounter rate decreases with the increasing size and velocity of the predator and with prey concentration. A simple one-dimensional prey-predator ecosystem model in the upper mixed layer is presented, which examines the relative importance of turbulence to growth in planktonic consumers. This effect is less for low prey densities <10⁴ m⁻³, when the initial predator biomass and constant growth rate term have a decisive influence. However, the effect of turbulence on the characteristics investigated increases with rising prey density, in which case the controlling factor is encounter rate and in the case of prey concentration, diurnal migration.

5

Effect of felling on the distribution of rodents and their predators in a transitional mixed forest

84%

Sidorovich V. E., Solovej I. A., Sidorovich A. A., Rotenko I. I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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tom 56

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nr 2

309-321

The influence of felling on the distribution of rodents and their predators in a transitional coniferous-deciduous forest in northern Belarus was investigated in relation to stand age, forest type, and soil richness. The study was conducted in two areas differing by top-grounds (clay and sand soils) and, in turn, having different habitat carrying capacities. Three forest parts were investigated: 1) 10%, 2) 20–30%, and 3) 40– 60% covered by recent clearcuts. Three age classes of the clearcuts, namely 1) less than 2 years old, 2) 2–5 years old and 3) 6–12 years old, were considered. In total, we obtained data on small rodent numbers in 84 clearcuts, and the data on predators – in 67 clearcuts and the woodland parts differed by logging rate. Eventually, we became convinced that felling generally led to an increase in the abundance and species richness of rodents and their predators and that was attributable in the clearcuts aged up to 12 years. First, logging led to higher densities of Apodemus mice, the red fox Vulpes vulpes L., weasel Mustela nivalis L., tawny owl Strix aluco L., common buzzard Buteo buteo L. and adder Vipera berus L. Also, with the increased felling rate Microtus voles and the longeared owl Asio otus L. penetrated in transitional woodlands. Too intensive forest harvesting (more than 40% of recent clearcuts) led to the decline in the populations of several predatory species such as the pine marten Martes martes L., Tengmalm’s owl Aegolius funereus L., Ural owl Strix uralensis Pall., and pygmy owl Glaucidium passerinum L. The decline in rodent predators found in the conditions of too intensive logging rate was different in the woodlands on sand and clay top-grounds. In the conditions of clay soil too intensive felling led to the pronounced decline of a marked part of the rodent predatory guild inhabiting woodlands, and the species densities decreased to the level that was lower than the initial one. Conversely, in initially poor habitats in the woodland on sandy deposits, logging of any rate led to the increase in numbers of rodents and their predators compared to undisturbed forest. But moderate logging was found to be the most favourable for the community there.

6

Defensive behaviour of anails attacked by leeches

84%

Komorowski H.

Folia Malacologica

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1998

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tom 06

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nr 1-4

7

Effect of predator-induced maternal stress during gestation on growth in root voles Microtus oeconomus

84%

Bian J., Wu Y., Liu J.

Acta Theriologica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 4

473-482

We studied the effect of maternal stress evoked by a severe stressor from the cues of predation risk during gestation on the growth of offspring in root volesMicrotus oeconomus Pallas, 1776. Body mass of both male and female offspring was significantly reduced in the period from birth to weaning. Females showed compensatory growth after weaning, whereas males maintained low body mass at weaning into adulthood. Maternal stress led to an elevated plasma corticosterone level in male offspring, but did not affect that of female offspring. Corticosterone levels remained elevated in males from stressed dams into adulthood. Increased levels of plasma corticosterone may have led to the inhibition of pituitary growth hormone and a chronically abnormal energy mobilization, considering the greater energy and metabolic requirements of male offspring, this may account for the sex-specific differences in compensatory growth. We suggest that in the high stress situation, endocrine-based sex-biased effects of maternal stress as a primary factor can lead to long-term physical and ecological consequences for male offspring.

8

Diet of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides - a canid with an opportunistic foraging strategy

84%

Sutor A., Kauhala K., Ansorge H.

Acta Theriologica

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2010

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tom 55

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nr 2

165-176

We examined the raccoon dog’s Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) diet in two agricultural landscapes of Germany and compared these results with other diet studies from its native and introduced ranges. The diet composition was influenced as well by the landscape structures as by the seasons: in the waterrich study area 2 amphibians (54.1%) and fish (10.8%) occurred more frequently in the samples. In study area 1 amphibians (19.0%) and invertebrates (69.4%) gained more significance in the diet in summer, whereas in winter samples maize (32.8%) was an important food item. The diet composition shifted according to the availability of different food items. Raccoon dogs, ability to feed temporarily on one food source may possibly cause a serious problem to endangered small populations of birds and amphibians. The review of 81 data sets from nine countries showed that seasons and locality affected the occurrence of most food items. However, comparable to the present study, small mammals, insects and plants were identified as important food items both in native and introduced ranges of the raccoon dog. In regard to its diet composition, gathering foraging strategy and inactivity during winter, the raccoon dog probably preys less often on game animals and birds than the native red fox Vulpes vulpes.

9

Does predator-induced behaviour protect the zebra mussel from roach?

84%

Kobak J., Kakareko T.

Folia Malacologica

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2012

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tom 20

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nr 1

10

Nest re-use by Blackbirds - the way for safe breeding?

84%

Wysocki D.

Acta Ornithologica

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2004

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tom 39

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nr 2

The biology of individually colour-ringed European Blackbirds inhabiting two city parks in Szczecin (NW Poland) was studied in 1997-2003. In each park one to three observers watched the behaviour of Blackbirds every other day from dawn till afternoon (6-8 h a day); in this way almost all of their nests were discovered. 35 cases were recorded where pairs re-used their own nests, as well as two cases where the nest of another Blackbird pair and one Fieldfare nest were re-used. In 33 out of 81 cases observed, the re-use occurred after the brood had been successfully reared, while in two cases out of 378, female Blackbirds initiated the second breeding attempt in the same nest after the loss of the first one. The re-used nests were better concealed (80 ± 19% and 69 ± 18%, respectively) and had been built at greater heights than those abandoned after breeding (9.0 ± 5.0 m and 6.5 ± 4.2 m, respectively). No shortening of the interval between successive clutches was noted in the case of nest re-use (re-used nests 36.8 ± 4.9 days, newly-built nests 37.7 ± 8.0). The more and more frequent re-use of nests where breeding had been successful, their better concealment and higher sites, and also the lack of any differences in the intervals between successive clutches of pairs occupying old nests and those building new ones before the next breeding attempt, suggest that in the investigated population the basic reason for nest re-use was the insufficient number of safe nesting sites.

11

The response of lions (Panthera leo) to changes in prey abundance on an enclosed reserve in South Africa

84%

Bissett C., Bernard R. T. F., Parker D. M.

Acta Theriologica

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 3

Large mammalian carnivores place significant pressure on their prey populations and this is exacerbated within the fenced reserves of Africa. However, foraging theory predicts that diet switching by predators may mitigate this pressure. In this study, we use data collected between 2003 and 2007 from an enclosed system in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa to examine the response of lions Panthera leo to changes in the abundance of two important prey species — kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and warthog Phacochoerus africanus. As the relative abundance of warthogs increased, the number of kudu kills decreased significantly, whereas warthog kills became significantly more frequent. A similar pattern was observed for lion prey preference and the switch from kudu to warthog was also reflected in a significant decrease in the mean prey mass. Our results suggest that a diet shift occurs in lions and that the change in diet is primarily in response to an increase in warthog numbers. Prey switching may promote the persistence of predator–prey systems, which is particularly important for fenced systems where natural immigration of prey is not possible. However, continued collection and analysis of long-term observational data from the multipredator, multiprey systems of Africa is required to facilitate a full understanding of predator–prey dynamics.

12

The first evidence of predatory or parasitic drilling in stylophoran echinoderms

84%

Deline B.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2008

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tom 53

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nr 4

Drillholes are common in many different echinoderm classes, but have yet to be reported in homalozoans. A borehole in the Late Ordovician echinoderm Enoploura is the first evidence of drilling in Stylophora. The level of preservation and environmental setting suggest this drilling occurred while the organism was alive, thus supporting a predatory or parasitic interpretation.

13

The influence of predators on the forming of species diversity of zoopleuston of some water ecosystems of the Leczna-Wlodawa lakeland

84%

Plaska W.

Teka Komisji Ochrony i Kształtowania Środowiska Przyrodniczego

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2004

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tom 01

14

Predation risk, cover type, and group size in European rabbits in Donana [SW Spain]

84%

Villafuerte R., Moreno S.

Acta Theriologica

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1997

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tom 42

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nr 2

As European rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) in SW Spain face high prédation pressure, some antipredator tactics are expected. We examined rabbit group size in relation to the safety of the cover (sparse or dense), and the proximity to shrub cover. Stem density influenced the distance rabbits ventured from shrub; rabbits ventured greater distances when stem density in cover was higher. Rabbit group size was related to the distance to cover; solitary animals remained closer to protective cover, whereas rabbits in groups (> 3 animals) foraged further from cover. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the formation of rabbit groups is related to defense against prédation, and that group size is influenced by risk of perception.

15

Entomophagous complexes of some pests in apple and peach orchards in Southeastern Romania

84%

Trandafirescu M., Trandafirescu I., Gavat C., Spita V.

Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research

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2004

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tom 12

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nr Spec.ed.

16

The effect of the strip-management on reduction of Aphis fabae [Homoptera: Aphididae] populations by predators on sugar beet crop

67%

Twardowski J. P., Hurej M., Klukowski Z.

Journal of Plant Protection Research

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2005

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tom 45

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nr 3

213-219

The studies were carried out at the Agricultural Experimental Station at Pawłowice near Wrocław, Poland, in 1998-2000. The main aim of the study was to compare the natural reduction of the black bean aphid by predators in sugar-beet crop surrounded by strips of mixture of cultivated plants, weedy strips or bare soil. The lowest number of Aphis fabae insugar-beet crop was observed at the plots surrounded by strips of mixture of Sinapis alba, Phacelia tanacetifolia and Coriandrum sativum, and at those surrounded by weedy strips. The greatest number of aphids was recorded on sugar-beet plots surrounded by bare soil. The relationships between the pest and its predators were the least stable in bare soil treatment. Significant pressure of predator activity in all treatments was shown in the first several days of the observation.

17

The effect of cruciferous vegetables on occurrence of Cecidomyiidae, Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae predators in colonies of cabbage aphid [Brevicoryne brassicae L.]

67%

Jankowska B.

Journal of Plant Protection Research

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2005

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tom 45

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nr 4

301-308

In 1993–1997 the occurrence of cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) and predators from Cecidomyiidae, Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae was observed on the nine different late cabbage vegetables; Savoy cabbage cv. ‘Vertus’, white cabbage cv. ‘Amager’, red cabbage cv. ‘Langendijker’, brussel sprouts cv. ‘Maczuga’, cauliflower cv. ‘Pionier’, blue kohlrabi cv. ‘Masłowa’, white kohlrabi cv. ‘Delikates’, kale cv. ‘Zielony Kędzierzawy’ and broccoli cv. ‘Piast’. Among the examined predators only the cecidomyiid – Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rond. (Cecidomyiidae) played an important role in reducing the number of cabbage aphids. The cruciferous species had no impact on the density of A. aphidimyza population, and females laying eggs. The size of aphid colonies on cabbage leaves played the most important role.

18

Predatory syrphids [Diptera, Syrphidae] occurring in the cabbage aphid [Brevicoryne brassicae L.] colonies on different cabbage vegetables

67%

Jankowska B.

Journal of Plant Protection Research

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2005

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tom 45

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nr 1

9-16

In1993–1997 the occurrence of predatory syrphids inthe cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) colonies was observed on the nine different cabbage vegetables: savoy cabbage cv. Vertus, white cabbage cv. Amager, red cabbage cv. Langendijker, brussels sprout cv. Maczuga, cauliflower cv. Pionier, blue kohlrabi cv. Masłowa, white kohlrabi cv. Delikates, kale cv. Zielony Kędzierzawy and broccoli cv. Piast. The number of aphids as well as amount of aphidophagous Syrphidae feeding in their colonies on the different cabbage vegetables were compared. The species compositionwas also estimated. Eight species of Syrphidae were collected: Episyrphus balteatus (Deg.), Sphaerophoria scripta (L.), S. rueppelli (Wied.) S. menthastri (L.), Metasyrphus corollae (Fabr.), Scaeva pyrastri (L.), Syrphus vitripennis (Meig.), Paragus quadrifasciatus (Meig.). In the all years of observation the dominant species were E. balteatus (Deg.), S. scripta (L.) and S. rueppelli (Wied.). The highest number of syrphid larvae were collected from cabbage aphid colonies on the white and savoy cabbage.

19

Do small hole nesting passerines detect cues left by a predator? A test on winter roosting sites

67%

Ekner A., Tryjanowski P.

Acta Ornithologica

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2008

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tom 43

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nr 1

107-111

There are a lot of studies about relationships between prey and predators. However most have focused on the influence of lethal predators on their prey. We suggested that non-lethal effects may also be very important for a complete understanding of prey-predator interactions. Among many influencing factors predation is important because it affects survival probability, especially in winter, which is a critical period for many passerines living in temperate zones. Apart from killing prey, predators may also have an indirect influence on the choice of nocturnal resting sites. Therefore, small passerines should detect and avoid places where a predator has operated previously. We tested this prediction using data on wintering small passerines, mainly on Great Tits. The study was performed during the winter season of 2005/2006 in western Poland. In the experiment, we put fur and mangled feathers in half of 100 randomly selected nest boxes. Boxes were checked every ten days, from January-March. The birds showed a significantly stronger preference towards "clean" nest boxes (without predator traces). It seems that non-lethal predator influence modifies winter dispersion of birds and wintering passerines may detect, by visual signals left behind, nest boxes where predation has previously occurred.

20

Numerical modelling of POC dynamics in the Southern Baltic under possible future conditions determined by nutrients, light and temperature

67%

Dzierzbicka-Glowacka L., Kulinski K., Maciejewska A., Jakacki J., Pempkowiak J.

Oceanologia

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2011

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tom 53

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nr 4

This paper discusses predictions of particulate organic carbon (POC) concentra- tions in the southern Baltic Sea. The study is based on the one-dimensional Particulate Organic Carbon Model (1D POC), described in detail by Dzierzbicka- Głowacka et al. (2010a). The POC concentration is determined as the sum of phytoplankton, zoo- plankton and dead organic matter (detritus) concentrations. Temporal changes in the phytoplankton biomass are caused by primary production, mortality, grazing by zooplankton and sinking. The zooplankton biomass is affected by ingestion, excretion, faecal production, mortality and carnivorous grazing. The changes in the pelagic detritus concentration are determined by the input of dead phytoplankton and zooplankton, the natural mortality of predators, faecal pellets, and sinks – sedimentation, zooplankton grazing and biochemical decomposition. The model simulations were done for selected locations in the southern Baltic Sea (Gdańsk Deep, Bornholm Deep and Gotland Deep) under predicted conditions characterized by changes of temperature, nutrient concentrations and light availability. The results cover the daily, monthly, seasonal and annual POC concentration patterns in the upper water layer. If the assumed trends in light, nutrients and temperature in the southern Baltic correctly predict the conditions in 2050, our calculations indicate that we can expect a two- to three-fold increase in POC concentration in late spring and a shift towards postponed maximum POC concentration. It can also be anticipated that, as a result of the increase in POC, oxygenation of the water layer beneath the halocline will decrease, while the supply of food to organisms at higher trophic levels will increase.

Ograniczanie wyników

Predatory biting midges of the genus Sphaeromias (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Europe

Synanthropic predators as an environmental threat

Chemical cues from predators can induce anti-predator defence in freshwater algae and invertebrates

Encounter rates in zooplankton

Effect of felling on the distribution of rodents and their predators in a transitional mixed forest

Defensive behaviour of anails attacked by leeches

Effect of predator-induced maternal stress during gestation on growth in root voles Microtus oeconomus

Diet of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides - a canid with an opportunistic foraging strategy

Does predator-induced behaviour protect the zebra mussel from roach?

Nest re-use by Blackbirds - the way for safe breeding?

The response of lions (Panthera leo) to changes in prey abundance on an enclosed reserve in South Africa

The first evidence of predatory or parasitic drilling in stylophoran echinoderms

The influence of predators on the forming of species diversity of zoopleuston of some water ecosystems of the Leczna-Wlodawa lakeland

Predation risk, cover type, and group size in European rabbits in Donana [SW Spain]

Entomophagous complexes of some pests in apple and peach orchards in Southeastern Romania

The effect of the strip-management on reduction of Aphis fabae [Homoptera: Aphididae] populations by predators on sugar beet crop

The effect of cruciferous vegetables on occurrence of Cecidomyiidae, Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae predators in colonies of cabbage aphid [Brevicoryne brassicae L.]

Predatory syrphids [Diptera, Syrphidae] occurring in the cabbage aphid [Brevicoryne brassicae L.] colonies on different cabbage vegetables

Do small hole nesting passerines detect cues left by a predator? A test on winter roosting sites

Numerical modelling of POC dynamics in the Southern Baltic under possible future conditions determined by nutrients, light and temperature