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Przedstawiono przegląd metod wykrywania środków farmakologicznych w żywności. Omówiono aspekty zdrowotne i normatywne występowania pozostałości środków farmakologicznych w żywności pochodzenia zwierzęcego. Porównano limity detekcji metod konwencjonalnych i immunoanalitycznych, podając w dużym uproszczeniu przykłady procedur oraz możliwości wykorzystania metod immunoenzymatycznych.
Historical data and progress in animal husbandry and animal production for food products were discussed. Infectious diseases and symptomless carriership in animals caused by bacteria, viruses and prions pathogenic also for human were considered in relation to the food safety. The indices concerning residues of antibiotics, hormons, medicinal products, heavy metals, pesticides, polichlorinated biphenyls in food products and food of animal origin on the territory of Poland were given. Considering food safety - the paper indicated that because of supervising and control of animal health from the birth of animals until the final food product by veterinarians, monitoring in veterinary laboratories the occurence of pathogenic microorganisms as well as the chemical residues endangering human health, veterinarians working in the country or in the laboratories play more and more the important role in preventing human diseases connected with the consumption of food od animal origin.
Hormones play an important role in the bodies of mammals because they act on metabolism and reproduction, as well as coordinate and regulate activities of different parts of the body, organs and tissues. Steroid hormones possess the capacity to increase weight gain and to reduce the feed conversion ratio, therefore they can be used for anabolic purposes in animal fattening. Taking into account the toxicity of hormones, particularly their cancerogenic and mutagenic properties, the use of this group of compounds for animal fattening purposes has been prohibited in the European Union, but natural hormones are allowed in some countries, for example USA and Australia. However, steroid hormones are also natural constituents of muscle and fatty tissues as well as of livers and kidneys of nontreated animals. Their occurrence is not restricted to mammals. Steroid hormones have also been determined in fish and poultry; they have been found in other animal-derived food such as milk and eggs. The residues of anabolic hormones in animal tissue as a result of implantation or illegal use can be a hazard for humans. Therefore the monitoring of hormone residues in biological samples of animal origin is mandatory. Several cases exceeding the acceptable limits of 17β-estradiol and testosterone in bovine serum were noted in Poland in the last five years. Moreover, the presence of endogenous 19-nortestosterone in the urine of pigs was observed and no residues of synthetic hormones in tissues of slaughter animals were found.
Anabolic hormones residue in slaughter animals in Poland Examinations of anabolic hormones residues were started in Poland in 1990. Up until now, 1190 animals (cattle, pigs and horses) were tested for residues of stilbenes: diet- hylstilbestrol, hexoestrol, dienestrol; zeranol and trenbo- lone acetate; 400 animals were examined for the presence of non-testosterone, 594 cattle for trenbolone and 199 cattle for medroxyprogesterone acetate. Two hundred and ninety cattle were examined for natural oestradiol 17B and testosterone. Serum natural hormone levels were detected by ELISA, the remaining hormones by HPTLC. No positive results were obtained during the three-year period of examinations. The results show that no anabolic hormones are used for stimulation of slaughtered animals
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