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The research was carried out on farms of the Bory Tucholskie Landscape Park near Tuchola. The aim of the research was to define the quantitative content of bacteria of Pseudomonas (the fluorescent subgroup), Arthrobacter, Azotobacter and the coryneform group in the rhizosphere of potato in different stages of its development. The “Aster” potato was grown in two farming systems: ecological and conventional. Microbiological analysis indicated that the bacteria of the coryneform group were the most numerous, and the next was Arthrobacter spp. More of investigated bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of potatoes grown in ecological farming system than in the conventional one. From the results obtained during three year’s study it is evident that the number of potentially antagonistic bacteria increased with the development of vegetation and was the highest in root zone area of the plants in harvest-mature tubers.
This study presents changes in the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in two streams in Western Antarctica (Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetlands) that differ in trophic status. The results suggest a decline in concentrations of the determined forms of N and P between 2001 and 2005. The decrease ranged from 9.3% for reactive phosphorus to 73.2% for ammonium-nitrogen. Such inferred declines in N and P concentrations are considered to reflect reduced deposition on land of organic matter brought in from the seas by the penguins nesting in the area. The ultimate cause of this is in turn the steady decline in abundance that is being noted for these penguins.
The article presents the results of the analysis of changes of the urban population density in Central Poland in the 20th century using one of the stati­stical methods meant for the estimation of discrete distributions, the so-called kernel function, and its brief characteristics. The studies cover the period, for which comparable data has been gathered (from 1931 to 2010). The results of the studies have been presented in a textual form and on 9 drawings, showcasing the changes of the population density in Central Poland in the analyzed period.
Changes in bird populations can be described as simple changes in abundance or density of individuals or, in larger areas, as changes of distribution or population indices. Although these measures describe different aspects of population change, they are often used interchangeably when discussing the relationships between various predictors of bird population changes found in different studies. This hampers a meaningful comparison of results, because it is unclear which differences between studies are biologically relevant and which are just methodological artifacts, caused by the different nature of measures used to quantify population changes. We compared predictors of the three measures of population changes: (i) change in abundance, (ii) change in magnitude of population trend and (iii) change in distribution, using data collected in a single region, the Czech Republic, and over similar time periods. We also aimed to identify significant drivers of population changes of Czech birds, using a large set of predictor variables and virtually all species regularly breeding in the region. No significant predictors were common across the three measures of population change tested. Abundance increased mostly in forest birds, while the change in magnitude of population trend was positive in species with a higher level of legal protection and in r-selected species. Species extending their distribution include wetland birds, above-ground nesters and north European species. Although individual measures of population changes are positively correlated, their predictors are different. This limits possibilities of simple comparisons, but also offers a better insight into forces shaping bird population changes in time and space.
The aim of the study was to test whether the methods using the playback technique produce accurate data of population size when compared to the standard mapping and nest-searching methods. The three-visit method with audio-stimulation was found to produce data of the same accuracy (100%, n = 11 territories) as the standard mapping method, but the nest-searching method ahd single-visit with audio-stimulation yielded slightly lower estimates, 91% and 82% respectively, in comparison to the previously mentioned methods. However, the three-visit method with audio-stimulation was 2.2 times less time consuming than the five visits which used the standard mapping method (9h vs 20h). The three-visit method with audio stimulation could be appropriate for assessing distribution and abundance, and also for monitoring purposes.
Spotted souslik is one of the most endangered mammal species in Poland. Over the last few decades of the 20th century its population gradually decreased due to the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors: degradation of species habitats and reduction of their acreage. The aim of the study is to examine changes in the population of spotted souslik in eastern Poland, against threats to the species and implemented conservation measures. In the last decade, their population has achieved relative stability. However, despite similar population, the changes of individuals in particular colonies are very significant. Populations of several hundred individuals in favourable habitats were able to increase their numbers, even to the limits of the habitat capacity, and maintain it. Dynamic growth of the artificially created population (Świdnik) has led to overcrowding the colony, which resulted in its total collapse. On the other hand, small populations even in good habitat conditions are not able to recreate.
The present paper is an attempt to present the most important demographic problems in the area of the south Baltic described on the example of gmina Ustka. The author tried to describe in detail demographic potential of the community and indicate the reasons of population changes. The paper also presents the structures of population according to selected demographic and educational features and changes of natural and migration movements.
Investigations into the abundance of adult D. reticulatus in relation to the effect of climatic conditions (temperature, humidity) on host-seeking behaviour were conducted during the autumn (September-October) and spring (May) activity peaks in 2008–2009 in eastern Poland (51°25’N). The study was conducted in the same habitat where similar examinations were performed in 1999–2000. A comparative analysis revealed that the abundance of D. reticulatus had almost doubled within 10 years. Analysis of data on the humidity and temperature conditions prevailing during tick collection, and on tick abundance in the respective study periods in 1999–2000 and 2008–2009, as well as absence of climatic changes over many years, indicate that the increase in the numbers of ticks may have been a result of a multitude of other factors, e.g. weather or environmental conditions favourable for ticks and their hosts. The substantial differences in D. reticulatus abundance observed during the autumn activity peak (an increase from 126 and 128.6 specimens per collection in 1999 and 2000, respectively, to 247.3 in 2008) demonstrate the considerable effect of the biotic and abiotic conditions prevailing during the development of young and adult stages on the abundance of this tick species. The activity of adult D. reticulatus ticks in the autumn was 2.7-fold higher in comparison to that observed during the spring collection; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Females dominated in both seasonal activity peaks. The ratio between females and males during the spring and autumn peaks was 3.31:1 and 1.05:1, respectively. The increase in the abundance of the D. reticulatus population implies a higher risk of transmission of tick-borne diseases in the study area, and the necessity to develop and implement effective prevention methods and tick control programmes.
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