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A modification of the Sherman trap, intended for live-trapping of shrews (Soricidae), is presented. This trap requires only daily checks, in contrast to the two- to four-hourly checks required by other traps. A population study using the new trap design yielded 711 captures over 7 520 trap-days, with 1% mortality.
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The 1897 Census in the Kingdom of Poland

88%
In a field survey of Poland in 1991-1994, signs of otters Lutra lutra {Linnaeus, 1758) were found at 1655 (79.5%) of the 2083 investigated sites. Widespread in most of the country, otters were especially common in the lakelands (N Poland), along the western and eastern borders, and in the Karpaty/Carpathian Mts (SE Poland). Two large areas with only few positive sites were identified in Śląsk/Silesia (SW Poland) and central Poland. Otters inhabit the majority of large rivers in Poland, except some sections of Odra/Oder and Wista/Vistula. The dynamics of the otter population in Poland in recent decades is difficult to investigate, mainly due to the scarce question­naire data from the sixties and seventies, however, present records suggest that the otter has extended its range, and is no longer an endangered species in Poland.
This study was conducted during the rut in a protected valley (Vialais) inhabited by one permanent population of ewes. This valley formes part of a larger hunted area. Rams which segregate from ewes entered the Vialais during the pre-rut, first young rams while the oldest rams arrived later. These latter stay in the company of ewes only when most lambs are conceived. The removal of old males shifted the male population structure, favoring young males. Old males tended a low proportion of ewes in mating groups which was used as an index of the male mating success. A larger proportion of young males successfully tended estrous ewes than in protected populations of wild sheep. Despite that, the population is highly productive which contradicts the arguments that precocious involment of young males in reproduction may be detrimental to population productivity.
The health status of the population living in high ecological risk areas in Poland is described at the level of specific mortality rates due to chosen diseases. The analysis of temporal trends over the period 1988-1993 is included. Specific mortality rates standardized according to 1991 demographic structures is compared between HERAs and areas outside HERAs. The study indicates higher mortality in the HERAs due to "civiliza- tion-related" diseases and diseases attributable to the environmental degradation.
Background. The strongest immunogen of the Rh system is the D antigen. It is found in several variants and categories, which makes it difficult to determine the correct RhD (Rh+) or RhD negative (Rh-) phenotype. Although only some of the varieties and types of this antigen are of clinical significance, it is important to determine the normal Rh phenotype in recipients and donors. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of weak D antigen in a population of potential recipients. Material and methods. The study group consisted of selected blood recipients in whom weak expression of the D antigen or its antibody was detected. In order to estimate the expression of antigen D, the blood was analyzed in the laboratory of the Regional Center of Blood Donation and Blood Treatment in Lublin. Blood from 220 potential recipients (149 women and 71 men) were used in the conducted research. The clinical material from the Laboratory of Transfusion Serology at the Provincial Specialist Hospital in Biała Podlaska was also used. Results. The presence of a weak D was confirmed in 21 recipients. 4 cases of weak D were confirmed among recipients of blood transplant, while 17 cases among those who did not have blood transfusions. There were significant differences in the occurrence of the weak D in relation to the transfusion in both women (χ² = 18.34 df = 2, p = 0.0001) and men (χ² = 17.25) . Conclusions. The correct determination of the RhD+ or RhD- phenotype is important for pregnant women who should be subjected to immunoprophylaxis of maternal-fetal conflict when a weak D is detected. In order to avoid post-transfusion complications among recipients, it is necessary to choose serologically and phenotypically crossed-matched blood components.
According to statistical data, today forest services in Poland are performed by over 4,7 thousand private transactors. As a result of the complex process of privatization of the service sector in forestry, after 17 years of its implementation, private enterprises have almost entirely taken over various forest management tasks in the State Forests. The present study is an attempt at showing the influence of licensing procedures concerning the quality of forest services, performed by the Forest Entrepreneur Association, on the vocational activation of the population living in rural areas and on the job stability in this sector of services.
Intestinal parasitic diseases in Gaza Strip are a significant health problem. The main aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of parasitic infection among patients in the five governorates of the Gaza Strip. A crosssectional parasitological survey was conducted on 600 patients. Stool specimens were examined microscopically for the presence of parasite eggs or larvae/cysts per wet amount by the saline iodine and formol-ether concentration method. Of 600 subjects examined, 245 (40.8%) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia were the most prevalent parasites amongst the population (28.8%), (9.5%). Female patients demonstrated a higher prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (42.7%) than males (39.0%). However, this difference was not significant (p>0.05). According to occupation, the rate of infection was highest among farmers (56.0%), followed by employers (44.2%) with laborers showing the lowest rate (30.17%). These differences in occupational prevalence were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The present study demonstrates that intestinal protozoan infections are still a public health problem in the Gaza strip, with Entamoeba and Giardia infections being most common. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective prevention and control strategies, including health education and environmental sanitation improvement.
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