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11 polysaccharide fractions were isolated from the Echinacea purpurea herb (collected from the cultivation) and 8 compounds were isolated from the callus tissue from in vitro cultures. The HPLC analysis of hydrolysed polysaccharides indicated a great heterogeneity of the herb fractions. They differ significantly from the compounds obtained from the callus tissue, which are mostly arabinogalactans with an addition of xylose.
Possibility of preparation of a pea resistant starch concentrate and its sorption of hydrophobic substances were studied. Pea starch appeared a good source of resistant starch concentrate. The use of thermostable alpha-amylase in technological process provided the preparation containing up to 70% of resistant starch. It contained the admixture of mineral and organic nitrogen compounds. Its crystallographic pattern belongs neither A- nor B-type. The pea-RS concentrate had the affinity to bile acid, deoxycholic, and also to cholesterol although the latter is not as efficient than that of native pea starch. Thus, pea resistant starch concentrate has potential regulatory properties and, therefore, it might be used as a food component in special diets or for preventive, prophylactic, and therapeutic purposes.
The use of microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries has steadily increased during the past decade. A bioactive EPS producing microorganism, Streptomyces nasri was isolated from Kuwait tropical soil and the proteopolysaccharide was tested for its antimicrobial activity. The isolate was subjected to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and acridine orange (AO) treatment to select for superior proteopolysaccharide producers. Among eight (five derived from UV exposure and three from AO exposure) morphological variants of Streptomyces nasri, two mutants showed increased EPS production, from 1.8 g/l to 2.3 g/l. The SDS-PAGE profiles of exopolysaccharides were determined. The molecular weight of the proteopolysaccharide ranged from 18 to 200 kDa. Mutants derived from UV exposure produced polysaccharides with higher molecular weight than those derived from acridine orange exposure. Acridine orange derived mutants produced lower molecular weight polysaccharides. Culture super-natants have been partially characterized and they show antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms. The structure of the exopolysaccharide was determined using NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was also tested for cytotoxic activity against human brain tumor cell line using SRB assay.
The β-endoglucanase is one of the enzymes taking part in the degradation of the cell wall structural polysaccharides. The use of two Triticale varieties differing in their resistance to the preharvest sprouting allowed the comparison of that enzyme activity and changes in the internal structure of the cell wall observed in the light and electron microscope. The most interesting observations seem to be the channels and even the holes in the walls of aleurone cells found mostly in the samples showing the elevated activities of β-endoglucanase. As those samples concern the grains of a lower resistance to pre-harvest sprouting, it might be suggested that the loosening of the wall structure may be one of the probable mechanisms in facilitating the enzyme, metabolite and water translocations through the grain tissues. Those changes can accelerate the water imput into the grain, the metabolic process and thus the increased susceptibility to sprouting.
Structural parameters of retrograded amylose chains in aqueous solution were determined by means of a comparative analysis with glucose solutions stored under the same conditions and the same specific volume. Viscosimetric and Polarimetrie measurements were carried out in glucose and amylose (from potato) solutions during storage, within the same concentration range of 0.005-0.02 (g/cm3), and with a fixed low concentration of a polymer complexing agent (5 10 -5 g/cm3), added as a polymer chain stiffener. From the ratio of limit viscosity numbers obtained for polysaccharide and monosaccharide solutions, the average asymmetric parameter of rigid amylose chain was calculated, value of which points to a significant length expansion of retrograded α-D-glucopyranose coil. Measurements of the concentration dependence of the optical rotatory dispersion in retrograded amylose and its monomer unit solutions were used to determine the degree of coiling into helix of polysaccharide in aqueous solution.
Analysis of structural changes of starch gels of the polymer content from 0.05 g/cm3 to 0.10 g/cm3 has been performed on the basis of results of a study by the DMT A and lH NMR methods. For gels of starch concentration below 0.08 g/cm3, the changes of the rigidity modulus are insignificant; a small increase is observed only in the first three hours of measurements. Gels of a higher starch content are characterised by much higher initial value of the rigidity modulus, which significantly increases with the time of measurements. The values of the rigidity modulus are determined by the density of network segments. In the systems with starch concentration up to 0.08 g/cm3, the initial and the final concentrations of the network segments show insignificant differences, while for the gels of a higher starch content these concentrations differ significantly. As follows from results of NMR relaxometry experiment, in the gels of a polymer concentration up to 0.08 g/cm3 no changes in water dynamics in time have occurred. In those of starch concentration above 0.08 g/cm3, the relaxation rate of water has changed in time. The maximum in the water relaxation rate observed after 3-4 hours of measurements indicates the process of water fixing in hydrates. A further monotonie decrease of the relaxation rate suggests that the water initially involved in the gel structure formation is evacuated from the starch network. This process should be related to respiralisation of amylopectin chains, whose participation in the gel structure formation increases with increasing polymer concentration. The results suggest that for the starch gels of polymer content lower than 0.08 g/cm3 the gel structure formed on cooling is saved and not subject to development. In the time range studied no changes in the parameters studied which could suggest the occurrence of starch rétrogradation have been observed, which has been interpreted as a result of a small contribution of amylopectin chains in formation of the gel spatial network.
S. obliquus cultures were subjected to various heavy metals (Cd, Co, Ni and Mn) in the presence or absence of calcium. Ca2+ increased the cell number (unicells or coenobia). Amounts of cell wall polysaccharides and soluble sugars were increased by the heavy metals used and decreased when Ca2+ was added, this perhaps being due to or resulting from inhibited cell division which did not allow the wall components to decrease by being distributed among daughter cells.
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