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The aim of this study was to learn the strength of floral fidelity of honeybee colonies and to find what is the relationship between this trait and the amount of collected pollen. The observations were carried out in 2003 and 2004 on 10 honeybee colonies. The pollen was gathered from pollen loads collected using a pollen trap with a 5-mm screen mesh. A scanning electron microscope was used to view pollen grains in order to determine the number of plant species visited by the bees. The mean values of floral fidelity estimated individually for each experimental colony ranged from 40.1 to 75.7% in the first year, and from 45.1 to 67.3% in the second year of the studies. Correlation between floral fidelity and the quantity of collected pollen was observed in 60% of the colonies in the first year and in 70% in the second year. Recurrence of this relationship over the period of two years was found in only 30% of the studied honeybee colonies.
Wild growing rose species are of great importance as a source of pollen for insects. Oil extracted from the petals of various Rosa species is used in perfumery, cosmetic industry, and therapeutics. In our study, we compared the flowering duration and flower lifespan, the number of stamens and pistils, the mass and size of pollen grains as well as the anatomical features of the petals of four Rosa species: R. canina, R. ×damascena, R. gallica, and R. rugosa. Moreover, we examined the pollen loads collected by bumblebees foraging on rose flowers in order to determine the attractiveness of pollen of this genus to insects. We showed the flower lifespan to vary (3.5–8 days) in the roses studied and revealed high variation in the number of stamens (82–260) and pistils (17–65) as well as in the mass of pollen produced. The flowers of R. rugosa produced the highest amount of pollen (26.7 mg per flower), while the flowers of R. canina the least (3.3 mg per flower), which is associated with differences in the number of stamens developed in the flowers between these species. The largest pollen grains were found in R. ×damascena and R. gallica. We demonstrated that R. ×damascena produces the thickest petals and that scent-emitting papillae found on the adaxial surface of the petals differ in size and shape in the rose species investigated.
The aim of this study was to determine the rate of bioaccumulation of chosen heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Hg) in fresh pollen obtained in the form of pollen loads. The research material were samples of fresh pollen obtained in stationary apiaries located in two regions: agricultural woodland and a former military airfield. Samples were collected in a period of July – August 2005 and 2006. Samples were mineralized by microwave method. Quantitative analysis of examined metals (arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury) was done using plasma spectrometry (ICP). Research demonstrated that mean content of elements of toxic properties in pollen from an agricultural woodland region in 2005 and 2006 were (in mg·kg⁻¹ d.m.) as follows: Pb – 0.804 and 0.491; Cd – 0.234 and 0.272; As – 0.060 and 0.036, and Hg – 0.0038 and 0.0036, respectively. Lead concentration in 20 samples (n=36) in 2005, and in 11 samples (n=36) in 2006 exceeded acceptable standards (0.50 mg·kg⁻¹ d.m.). However, in pollen from the area of the former military airfield the content of particular elements was higher for Pb – 0.835 and 0.704, Cd – 0.356 and 0.363, As – 0.093 and 0.099, and for Hg – 0.0066 and 0.0059, respectively. Lead accumulation exceeded permissible standards in 33 samples (n=36) from 2005 and in 21 (n=36) from 2006, and cadmium in 31 and 36 samples (n=36), respectively. Mercury and arsenic appeared to be metals of toxic properties that do not cause any toxicological problems in pollen from the agricultural woodland and airfield regions since their concentration was very low. High concentration of cadmium in pollen from the agricultural woodland deserves attention. Differences in concentrations of analyzed elements between regions may be used as bioindicators of environmental contamination with elements of toxic properties.
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