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In the investigated material, consisting of 143 honey samples, pollen grains of 109 taxa were identified; 80 were represented by nectariferous plants and 29 by non-nectariferous plants. In the pollen of nectariferous plants, 17 anemophilous and 12 entomophilous taxa were found. In particular honey samples, from 1 up to 13 taxa were noted. The identified pollen grains came from plants belonging to 19 botanical families. The most frequently represented families were as follows: Rosaceae, Poaceae and Ranunculaceae. The percentage proportion of pollen of non-nectariferous taxa varied and it was within a range of 0.3% to 69.4%. The highest average frequency among anemophilous plants was demonstrated by the pollen of Poaceae (others), Quercus and Rumex, whereas among entomophilous plants by the pollen of Filipendula, Plantago and Fragaria.
The present study comprises pollen analyses of 23 samples of spring specifi c honeys collected from apiaries situated in 12 communes in the Rzeszów area during the 2005 -2006 apicultural season. Forty two pollen taxa were identifi ed in the examined material, of which 31 nectariferous and 11 non-nectariferous anemophilous plants. Among the nectariferous plants, the highest pollen frequency was found for Brassicaceae (others) (95.7%), Rubus type (91.3%) and Prunus type (86.9%). The presence of anemophilous pollen grains was recorded in all the samples, with Poaceae reaching the highest frequency (69.8%). The frequency of over 50% was characteristic of Quercus and Rumex, while the lowest frequency (less than 10%) was recorded for Cerealia, Corylus avellana and Humulus lupulus. The highest participation was found for Quercus, whose pollen grains constituted as much as 80% of anemophilous pollen grains in a single sample. The lowest participation (below 3%) was found for Rumex, Pinus and Artemisia. Among all the taxa of pollen grains found in a single sample, Poaceae pollen reached the highest share of anemophilous pollen in a sample of honey from fruit trees (10%), whereas Quercus pollen in one honey from Brassica napus (7.8%) and in one honey from Acer (4.5%). The pollen share of the remaining anemophilous taxa in the examined honeys ranged between 0.2% and 2.9%. The identifi ed anemophilous taxa belong to 10 botanical families. In 19 out of 23 examined samples of honeys, small indicators of honeydew were discovered.
The results of palynological analyses of the Holocene deposits and modern pollen deposition in Poland and Finland are used to illustrate the progress in pollen analysis - the main palaeoecological method. The increased potential of modern palaeoecology for reconstruction of vegetation and for drawing conclusions on other environmental variables (climate, water conditions, landscape, anthropogenic disturbances) is demonstrated. Pollen analysis - develops at present interpretive tools for precise reconstruction of the structure and composition of vegetation and climate conditions. The progress consists in the quantitative presentation of pollenvegetation-climate relationships based on the examination of modern pollen deposition. The application of numerical analyses to pollen data allows correlating pollen spectrum features with the landscape/vegetation type. Special attention is paid to the Holocene vegetation changes of the transitional zone between boreal forest and tundra in the areas subjected to weak anthropopression (e.g. Lapland), which reflect climatic changes. Databases of modern pollen analogues are based on analysis of samples of surface mosses and contents of Tauber traps. These traps are used in Poland in investigations conducted as a part of the Pollen Monitoring Programme (http://pmp.oulu.fi). The correlation of Tauber-trap data with aerobiological ones contributes to understanding of the relationship between pollen production and climate elements. Additionally, the precise C14 dating allows a near-annual resolution in fossil deposits to be obtained more frequently. Due to time scales comprising hundreds of years, pollen analysis can provide means to resolve questions inaccessible for direct observation.
Materiał do badań stanowiło: 37 prób miodów nektarowych i 6 prób miodów spadziowych dostępnych w handlu białostockim w 1998 roku. Badania przeprowadzono metodą zalecaną przez Polską Normę PN-88/A-77626. Na podstawie analizy pyłkowej w osadzie miodowym stwierdzono, że 43% badanych miodów nektarowych zostało nieprawidłowo zaklasyfikowanych do poszczególnych odmian. Analizę spektrofotometryczną w bliskiej podczerwieni (w zakresie widma 6100-5700 cm można zastosować do różnicowania miodu sztucznego, nektarowego i spadziowego, ale metoda ta wymaga dalszych badań.
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