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Recent advances in liposome technology have resulted in the production of effective drug delivery formulations, although toxicity concerns remain. In order to overcome this problem we prepared anionie liposomes without using any volatile organic solvent or detergent. Liposomes prepared by this heating method (HM-liposomes) were characterised in terms of morphology, stability and DNA incorporation efficiency. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and optical microscopy were used to study the morphological characteristics and size distribution of HM-liposomes. Microscopic studies revealed formation of spherical bilayered structures with stabilities of at least eight months and also enabled measuring the diameter and the bilayer thickness of the vesicles. Plasmid DNA encapsulation efficiencies of up to 70.3% were determined for HM-liposomes.
Gene therapy and genetic vaccines promise to revolutionize the treatment of inherited and acquired diseases. Since viral vectors are generally associated with numerous disadvantages when applied to humans, the administration of naked DNA, or DNA packed into lipo- or polyplexes emerge as viable alternatives. To satisfy the increasing demand for pharmaceutical grade plasmids we developed a novel economic downstream process which overcomes the bottlenecks of common lab-scale techniques and meets all regulatory requirements. After cell lysis by an in-house developed gentle, automated continuous system the sequence of hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography guarantees the separation of impurities as well as undesired plasmid isoforms. After the consecutive chromatography steps, adjustment of concentration and final filtration are carried out. The final process was proven to be generally applicable and can be used from early clinical phases to market-supply. It is scaleable and free of animal-derived substances, detergents (except lysis) and organic solvents. The process delivers high-purity plasmid DNA of homogeneities up to 98% supercoiled form at a high yield in any desired final buffer.
We compared the efficiency of in vitro DNA transfer into selected tumor and endo­thelial cell lines using complexes of plasmid DNA and cationic carriers: DDAB/DOPE, DC-Chol/DOPE, Arg-Chol/DOPE, Gly-Chol/DOPE, Arg-Gly-Chol/DOPE, BGTC/DOPE, and PEI. The best carriers for transfecting the majority of tested cells lines at optimized carrier-to-DNA weight ratios were PEI and BGTC/DOPE.
The study has provided data on two Lactobacillus salivarius strains of poultry origin. The strains were investigated for the presence of genes encoding a bacteriocin: salivaricin B, and their localisation in chromosome or plasmid DNA. Specific primers were used to amplify a 224 bp fragment of salivaricin B gene (salB). RFLP analysis of PCR products revealed two DNA fragments of the predicted sizes upon digestion with Ndel and Xapl. Analysis with SspI allowed obtaining variability in two fragments in comparison to computer analysis of both strains, suggesting their divergency. It may be assumed that the amplified DNA fragments of salB gene share great, but not complete similarity to the previously described sequence of salB gene. Two examined strains showed different plasmid profiles; however bands of similar sizes were seen in both profiles. Genes responsible for salivaricin production are located on chromosomal DNA. Properties of these strains, in particular the presence of genes encoding bacteriocin production, imply that they may be used as potential probiotics for poultry.
Electron microscopy is a powerful technique for analysis of DNA replication intermediates. However, isolation of replicating DNA molecules from living cells is tricky and difficult, especially in the case of small DNA molecules (such as bacterial plasmids) whose initiation of replication is not easily synchronized. Here a relatively simple and rapid method for efficient isolation of replicating plasmid molecules from unsynchronized Escherichia coli cultures is described. The efficiency of this procedure is high enough for electron microscopy analysis of plasmid replication intermediates appearing in living cells in normal growth conditions. Under optimal conditions, using standard procedures of isolation of plasmid DNA, it is possible to achieve a content of only as few as 0.02 percent of replication intermediates in a plasmid DNA sample. The described method allowed us to enrich up to 100-fold the fraction of replication intermediates suitable for microscopic analysis among all plasmid molecules.
Improvement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) by biotechnological approaches is currently limited by a lack of tissue culture - free transformation system. In this paper, we present the development of a gene transfer system using DNA imbibition [DI]; and/or silicone carbide fibers [SCF] treatments for gene delivery and seed-derived embryos as gene target. Plasmid DNA (pBI221.23), containing the selectable "hpt" gene for hygromycin resistance and the reporter "gus" gene, was delivered into mature wheat embryos via [DI] and/or [SCF] treatments. In a histochemical analysis of β-GUS activity, an average of 13.8 % of the mature embryos receiving the combined treatment [DI + SCF] showed gus expression, whereas only 3.2% and 0.4% showed gus expression following [SCF] and [DI] respectively. The mature embryos also showed more multi-site gus expression (4.6%) than those treated only with [SCF] (0.4%). The growth of the produced plantlets on a medium containing 45 µg/ml hygromycin B indicated that the transformation efficiency of the combined treatments [DI + SCF] was 0.8% in comparison to 0.1% for that of [SCF] treatment and no hygromycin resistant-plantlets were detected following [DI]. Stable transformation was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction "PCR" and Southern hybridization which indicated that a functional hpt gene had integrated into wheat chromosomal DNA.
This work is focused on the function of the microtubule and actin networks in plasmid DNA transport during liposomal transfection. We observed strong binding of plasmid DNA-lipid complexes (lipoplexes) to both networks and directional long-range motion of these lipoplexes along the microtubules. Disruption of either of these networks led to the cessation of plasmid transport to the nucleus, a decreased mobility of plasmids, and accumulation of plasmid DNA in large aggregates at the cell periphery. Our findings show an indispensable but different role of both types of cytoskeleton, actin and microtubular, in the processes of gene delivery.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endotoxin presence in plasmid DNA preparations on the efficiency of transfection achieved in vivo with B16(F10) and Renca tumors and to determine transgene localization. Our data show that endotoxin markedly decreases the efficiency of transfection. Furthermore, the transgene transferred in vivo can be found in both neoplastic and normal (most likely myofibroblast) cells lying in proximity of the administration site.
We investigated the feasibility of transferring naked plasmid DNA containing a therapeutic gene (IL-12) into mice harboring growing Renca tumors. We found that naked DNA transferred into growing Renca and B16(F10) tumors gives higher expression level of reporter gene than complexes of DNA with DDAB/ DOPE or DC-Chol/DOPE. Transfer of naked DNA carrying the IL-12 gene into growing Renca tumors causes a distinct therapeutic effect that depends on the time span between inoculation of mice with cancer cells and the beginning of the therapy. Therapy started on day 3 resulted in total cure (100%) of mice.
Strawberry has previously been transformed using Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer. In this paper, we present a process for delivering foreign genes into strawberry leaf disks using particle bombardment. Expression of foreign DNA into strawberry leaf disks (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) was detected - using in situ GUS assay-following bombardment with tungsten particles coated with plasmid DNA (pBI221.23) that coded for the selectable (hygromycin phosphotransferase [hpt] and the screenable (β-glucuronidase [GUS]) marker genes. Both genes are under the control of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The criteria of stability of phenotypes after the removal of selective pressure, Southern blot hybridization and segregation analysis were used to confirm the mitotic stability of the foreign gene and its stable integration into the strawberry genome progeny. The relative simplicity of this system recommends its future use for the production of genetically modified strawberry.
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