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Correlation between ABA content in “mother” tissue and subsequent regeneration ability of Fritillaria imperialis cultured in vitro was investigated. In every experiment regeneration was always most efficient from plant material containing the lowest amount of free ABA: a leafy stem part, bulbs used for micropropagation in October and those stored two months at 30 °C prior to in vitro culture. However, no direct correlation between the absolute amounts of ABA and percentage of regeneration was found.
The present work describes a simplified, and rapid HPLC method for measurement of phenolic acids in plant material. This procedure allows baseline resolution of major phenolic acids commonly found in plants p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, syringic, o-coumaric, m-coumaric, p-coumaric, gentisic, ferulic, sinapic, salicylic), it is specific, sensitive, and ensures good reproducibility. The precision and reproducibility obtained using the present approach gave results comparable or better than the more complex, more laborious, and time consuming procedures. The time of HPLC separation of the phenolic acids in the presented procedure was significantly improved by the use of polymer based reverse phase column (PRP-1 column; 4.1 x 150 mm, 5 /µm; Hamilton), and careful attention to the pH of the mobile phase, which allowed turnaround times of approximately 15 min and significantly lower solvent use. The present method allows the possibility for processing of a large number of samples rapidly, efficiently, and at a low cost.
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Life cycle assessment of fertilizers: a review

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Life cycle assessment has become an increasingly common approach for identifying, quantifying, and evaluating the total potential environmental impact of production processes or products, from the procurement of raw materials (the ‘cradle’), to production and utilization (the ‘gates’) and their final storage (the ‘grave’), as well as for determining ways to repair damage to the environment. The paper describes life cycle assessment of mineral fertilizers. On the basis of results provided by life cycle assessment, it can be concluded that an effective strategy for protecting the environment against the harmful effects of fertilizers is to attempt to ‘seal’ the nutrient cycle on a global, regional, and local scale. Pro-environ- mental measures aim on the one hand to reduce resource utilization, and on the other hand to limit losses of nutrients, during both production and use of fertilizers. An undoubted challenge for life cycle assessment when used in agricultural production is the need for relevance at each scale.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fractions of the aqueous crude extract of Detarium senegalense stem bark on castor oil-induced diarrhea. Castor oilinduced diarrhea, gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling methods were used to evaluate the antidiarrheal effects of the fractions. Castor oil was used to induce diarrhea and the effect of all the fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, methanol and residual aqueous) were evaluated at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. The results show that all fractions significantly (p<0.05) decreased the frequency of defecation in rats following the induction of diarrhea with castor oil. Ethyl acetate which produced the highest antidiarrheal activity was further subjected to gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling tests. In the gastrointestinal motility, two test doses of the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) were administered orally to two groups of rats (n=5), while the third group of rats (control), were treated with normal saline, and the fourth group were treated with diphenoxylate, a conventional anti-diarrheal drug. In the castor oil-induced enteropooling experiment, normal saline was used for the control animals, while 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract was administered to groups two and three, respectively and atropine, a standard drug, was administered to rats in group four. The ethyl acetate fraction significantly (p<0.05) decreased the gastro-intestinal motility, as shown by the extent of movement of the charcoal meal in the treated rats. It also significantly inhibited the fluid accumulation within the intestine. These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction possess antidiarrheal effect, which may be due to the presence of some phytochemical constituents (alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins) in the plant, which may either be working alone or in combination with each other. This study has demonstrated that D. senegalense fractions, especially the ethyl acetate fraction, possess antidiarrheal activity thus supporting the use of the plant in the treatment of diarrheal diseases.
The objective of this work was to create a sorption model of different pesticides in plant material. The above-quoted model includes graphic curves describing the pesticide’s behaviour in time (concentration level) depending on the place of sorption. Apart from curves the model also includes mathematical equations that allow us to predict the concentration of a pesticide in time function. The model has been developed based on research data obtained in a special experimental device. This article accounts for the transportation model of chosen xenobiotics in plants. Chlorothalonil were used as a model pesticide. Chlorothalonil is a nonsystemic fungicide that has been used to control disease of many fruits, vegetables, and other agricultural crops. As a method of sample preparation supercritical fluid extraction was used. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The detection limit (LOD) of chlorothalonil was on level 0.01 µg/g. and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was level on 0.03 µg/g.
Multiplex PCR is a variant of conventional PCR which includes two or more pairs of primers in a single reaction to amplify corresponding genes simultaneously. In this study, a reliable multiplex PCR analysis protocol was established for simple and fast detection of transgenes in plant materials. Two pairs of primers, corresponding to neomycin phosphotransferase gene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene, were selected for target and resident gene respectively. The method bypasses routine DNA extraction, requires only very little amount of plant tissue and produces reliable results as shown by successful discrimination of transformed and non transformed tobacco, tomato and kumquat materials. The method facilitates early identification of transgenic buds when they are still quite small.
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