Soil temperatures predicted with the use of temperature gradient method (GRA-GRO model) were compared with those measured at the experimental site. The experimental data are close to the theoretical values.Unfortunatelythe some differences exist. The lack of agreement between the simulated and measured data is sometimes disappointing (end of simulation), but indicates more that anything else the areas in which our knowledge is lacking.Present results indicates that the model can be used for predicting the change of temperature of soil but the further studies in both the field and model verification need to pay respect to infiltration of water into soil after rain and measuring of thermal conductivity of soil.
Plant communities which form orchard edges are a vital element of ecological infrastructure enriching these agrocenoses. The research was conducted in an orchard environment made up of apple orchards and their edges in the form of agricultural cultivations, tree clumps and a road lined with trees and shrubberies. The study aim was to determine the impact of the orchard edge plant diversity onto the number and abundance of Ichneumonidae subfamilies in the orchards. The study showed that orchard environments made up of an apple orchard and edge plants of various species create better living conditions for Ichneumonidae parasitoids than the environment of an orchard and neighbouring agricultural cultivations. The diversity of orchard edge plants positively influences the abundance of the Ichneumonidae subfamilies rather than the number of subfamilies in the orchard. In the orchard habitat the following dominant subfamilies were found: Campopleginae, Cryptinae, Orthocentrinae and Pimplinae. These entomophages may control the abundance of pests infesting orchards.
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