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1

Seasonal diet of pine marten Martes martes in southern boreal Sweden

100%
Helldin J. O.
Acta Theriologica
|
2000
|
tom 45
|
nr 3
The seasonal diet of pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) in southern boreal Sweden was studied by analyses of scats and digestive tract contents collected over a 6-year period. The diet was diverse; whereas microtines was the single most important food category, also shrews, hares, birds, insects, and berries were frequently consumed. The diet of pine marten varied seasonally but the consumption of small mammals (microtines and shrews) and hares was relatively stable over the year, and may be regarded as a year-round staple for marten. The winter diet differed from most other Fennoscandian studies in that it contained more berries and insects, and less squirrels and cervids. This may be explained by the general lack of snow, and by the dense marten population, during the years of the study. Among birds passerines were most frequent; tetraonids were consumed mainly in winter. The food niche was broadest in winter and decreased over summer.
2

Alternative strategies in the acquisition of home ranges by male pine martens in a high-density population

84%
Zalewski A.
Acta Theriologica
|
2012
|
tom 57
|
nr 4
Two strategies of home range acquisition by male subadult pine martens (Martes martes) were described from a high-density population inhabiting Białowieża National Park. Four mother–offspring pairs were identified by genetic parentage assignments. Four subadult males showed two different strategies of home range acquisition: dispersal and sedentary. The dispersing males used an area 4–10 times larger than in sedentary subadult males. A sedentary subadult male used his natal area with his mother, and in the following mating season, this male left this area and established a home range that overlapped greatly with another unrelated female near the natal range. A similar high overlap between another subadult male and an unrelated adult female persisted for 3 years. After the death of this female, the male extended his range to overlap slightly with two to four other females. The sedentary strategy adopted by some subadult males may explain the great variation in spacing patterns of solitary mammals.
3

“Reversed” intraguild predation: red fox cubs killed by pine marten

84%
Brzezinski M., Rodak L., Zalewski A.
Acta Theriologica
|
2014
|
tom 59
|
nr 3
Camera traps deployed at a badger Meles meles set in mixed pine forest in north-eastern Poland recorded interspecific killing of red fox Vulpes vulpes cubs by pine marten Martes martes. The vixen and her cubs settled in the set at the beginning of May 2013, and it was abandoned by the badgers shortly afterwards. Five fox cubs were recorded playing in front of the den each night. Ten days after the first recording of the foxes, a pine marten was filmed at the set; it arrived in the morning, made a reconnaissance and returned at night when the vixen was away from the set. The pine marten entered the den several times and killed at least two fox cubs. It was active at the set for about 2 h. This observation proves that red foxes are not completely safe from predation by smaller carnivores, even those considered to be subordinate species in interspecific competition.
4

Lure sticks as a method to detect pine martens Martes martes

84%
Burki S., Roth T., Robin K., Weber D.
Acta Theriologica
|
2010
|
tom 55
|
nr 3
223-230
Marten species are usually surveyed by trapping, snow tracking or cameratrapping with baits on trees. While testing the efficiency of a monitoring scheme for wildcats Felis silvestris silvestris in north-western Switzerland, we noticed that martens are attracted by lure sticks scented with valerian. On these sticks, the animals leaved some hairs that allowed us to identify the genus Martes by microscopic analysis. Additionally, the animal can be identified on pictures made by a camera trap posed close to the lure stick. In this paper, we compared the efficiency of different methods to find the most appropriate one in order to survey the pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) in Switzerland. For the method of valerian lure sticks we estimated a detectability of 0.08 per 14 days during the whole year. The detectability raised, when we applied American Hawbaker’s marten lure instead of the valerian tincture. In addition, the detectability was higher during the period April to June (p=0.2) compared to the whole year. If we identified the pine marten on the lure stick with pictures from the camera traps we reached a detectability of 0.21 during the whole year. Using only camera traps with baits on trees we could not take any picture of a pine marten.
5

Analysis of helminth communities of the pine marten, Martes martes, in Spain: Mainland and insular data

84%
Segovia J. M., Torres J., Miquel J., Sospedra E., Guerrero R., Feliu C.
Acta Parasitologica
|
2007
|
tom 52
|
nr 2
The present study analyses the helminth communities found in one hundred and two specimens of Martes martes from the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Archipelago. The component community is constituted by seventeen helminth species, which frequency and mean abundance show a bimodal pattern. The set of core species is constituted by the trichurids Pearsonema plica, Eucoleus aerophilus and Aonchotheca putorii (72.2% of total helminth individuals found), while the remaining can be considered satellite species. Significant co-occurrences were found among E. aerophilus/A. putorii and E. aerophilus/P. plica. These results demonstrate the great importance of earthworms within the diet of pine marten and contribute to the knowledge of the pine marten’s food ethology, since this kind of prey normally goes undetected in diet studies. Several helminth species, as Sobolevingylus petrowi, Centrorhynchus aluconis, Uncinaria criniformis, Mastophorus muris and Spirura rytipleurites seurati seem to show geographical distributions limited to insular ecosystems. Moreover, helminth communities of M. martes among four Spanish territories, including mainland and insular areas, are characterized and compared.
6

Seasonal and sexual variation in diel activity rhythms of pine marten Martes martes in the Bialowieza National Park [Poland]

84%
Zalewski A.
Acta Theriologica
|
2001
|
tom 46
|
nr 3
From 1991-1996, the activity rhythms of 14 radio-collared pine martens Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) (6 males and 8 females) were studied in the pristine deciduous and mixed forests of the Białowieża National Park. Tracking data (5823 h) indicated that the activity rhythms of pine martens varied between sexes and seasons. In spring, male activity peaked at 20.00-00.00 h, whereas in summer and autumn-winter, activity was bimodal, peaking at 18.00-22.00 h and 02.00-04.00 h. Female activity in spring was more evenly distributed than that of males, but in summer their activity peaked at 20.00-00.00 h, while in autumn-winter females had a bimodal rhythm with peaks at 18.00-20.00 h and 02.00-06.00 h. In breeding females, activity rhythms changed in the course of pregnancy and nursing. On average, martens started their activity 73±209 (SD) min before sunset and finished 87 ± 245 min after sunrise. Females became active earlier than males but both sexes terminated activity at the same time. For both males and females the daily activity rhythm was not related to the diurnal course of temperature.
7

A long-term study of the winter food niche of the pine marten Martes martes in northern boreal Finland

84%
Pulliainen E., Ollinmaki P.
Acta Theriologica
|
1996
|
tom 41
|
nr 4
The diet of the pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) was studied during 16 successive winters in an uninhabited area in northern boreal Finland. The results are based on 5677 scats analyzed. The present data support earlier findings that the pine marten is an opportunistic generalist, its most favoured food apparently being small rodents, especially Clethrionamys spp. The significant year-to-year variation in the frequency of occurrence of this favoured prey in the diet of the marten correlated positively with summer trapping numbers for these species. Snow cover decreased the martens' consumption of Microtus spp, but not Clethrionomys spp. or the wood lemming Myopus schisticolor. The first real alternative in the absence of small rodents appeared to be the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris, and in its absence carcasses of reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus and eggs. Other food items included birds, the mountain hare Lepus tímidas, the common frog Rana temporaria, berries and mush­rooms. There was some evidence that the occurrence of red squirrels in the diet was dependent on the abundance of both squirrels and small rodents. We suggest that in northern boreal Finland martens primarily forage for small rodents, and larger prey, which is less available and more difficult to catch, is captured incidentally.
8

Does size dimorphism reduce competition between sexes? The diet of male and female pine martens at local and wider geographical scales

84%
Zalewski A.
Acta Theriologica
|
2007
|
tom 52
|
nr 3
Sex-specific niche segregation is often used to explain sexual size dimorphism (SSD). However, whether food niche partitioning between sexes occurs as a case of sexual size dimorphism or by other mechanisms, such as behavioural dimorphism or habitat segregation, remains poorly understood. To evaluate the nature and extent of food-niche differentiation between sexes in a solitary predator I examined variation in the diet of male and female pine martensMartes martes Linnaeus, 1758 in years of high and low rodent abundance. Small mammals were the most important prey for pine martens in years of both low and high rodent abundance (occurring in more than 49% of scats). Birds, invertebrates and plant material were relatively common food items in summer diet, whereas ungulate carcasses were often consumed in autumn—winter. In general, males consumed more ungulate carcasses, plant material, amphibians and reptiles than did females, whereas females preyed more on squirrels and birds than males. There was significant seasonally dependent, between-sex variation in the occurrence of shrews, small rodents, other mammals, birds and invertebrates in marten diet. Whereas the occurrence of bank vole, birds, carcasses and plant material changed between sexes, seasons and years with various rodent abundances, both sexes consumed larger prey and had increased food niche breadth in years of low compared with high rodent abundance. Neither prey size nor food niche breadth were significantly different between males and females. The food-niche overlap between sexes was consistently lower in spring and in years of low rodent abundance. A wider geographical comparison of different marten populations showed that the diet of males and females varied significantly between locations. Females consistently preyed on squirrels and birds, whereas males fed more often on ungulate carcasses and plant material. Local and geographical comparison of male and female diets suggest that food-niche partitioning between male and female pine martens changes across different habitat and food conditions, and is not related to sexual size dimorphism, but rather to behavioural differences between sexes.
9

From local adaptation to geographical variation: pine marten response to food abundance and climatic conditions

67%
Zalewski A.
Nature Conservation
|
2007
|
tom 64
3-11
10

Foraging by pine marten Martes martes in relation to food resources in Bialowieza National Park, Poland

67%
Jedrzejewski W., Zalewski A., Jedrzejewska B.
Acta Theriologica
|
1993
|
tom 38
|
nr 4
Feeding habits of pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in 1985 - 1992 in the pristine forests of Białowieża National Park, eastern Poland, The study covered 5 years of moderate numbers of forest rodents and 2 years of outbreak and crash. In 1735 analysed scats, rodents (Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavi- collis, and Microtus sp.) were staple food for martens, constituting from 50% of biomass consumed in June to over 90% in October - November. Birds (mainly thrushes and woodpeckers) were captured by martens mainly in spring and summer (up to 37% biomass in June). Vegetable matter (Rubus berries, Sorbus aucuparia fruit, mush­rooms) was frequently eaten in July - October (up to 17% biomass in September). Ungulate carcasses were scavenged in winter. Marten preferred the remains of wolf and lynx kills and avoided ungulates that had died from undernutrition and/or disease. Between-year variation in marten diet was shaped by variation in rodent (especially bank vole) numbers. Percent of bank vole biomass in marten diet in autumn-winter was determined by the summer-autumn numbers of these rodents. Martens' consump­tion of mice in the cold season did not reflect the changes in mouse numbers, but it was positively correlated with their preying on bank voles. Spring numbers of mice determined the percentage of biomass of mice in marten diet in spring-summer. Snow cover significantly decreased martens' preying on C. glareolus, but not A. flavicollis and Aficroius sp, In the cold season, insectivores and ungulate carcasses were crucial alternative food for the pine marten and they compensated for the decreased avail­ability of rodents. In spring and summer, birds and fruit were alternative food, the consumption of which negatively correlated with the consumption of rodents. Snow- tracking showed that in their search for prey, martens utilized both fallen and standing trees, and moved on the ground as welt as in the forest canopy. Over 90% of all recorded attacks were on rodents. Marten attacked rodents 4.1 times/km of trail but 35% of attacks failed.
11

Patterns of resting site use by pine marten Martes martes in Bialowieza National Park [Poland]

67%
Zalewski A.
Acta Theriologica
|
1997
|
tom 42
|
nr 2
Use of resting sites by 14 radio-tracked pine martens Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) (6 males and 8 females) was studied in Białowieża National Park, northeastern Poland. Males used, on average, 191 different resting sites throughout the year while females used 159 sites. The reuse index varied from 0.07 to 0.94 and it was highest for females with young in spring and lowest for both males and females in summer, in autumn-winter, reuse of resting sites by males decreased significantly (p = 0.006) in deep snow cover and it increased (p = 0.021) when marten's ate more ungulate carcasses. In spring, the reuse index for males was negatively correlated with the mean ambient temperature during the tracking period (p = 0.019) and did not depend on rodent abundance. In spring and autumn-winter, most individuals used resting sites which were randomly distributed in their home ranges. In summer, resting sites of males were clumped and were located near the edges of their home ranges, close to females' home ranges. The average distance between consecutively used resting sites was significantly higher for males (690 m) compared to females (419 m, p < 0.001). In spring and autumn-winter (but not in summer) the average distance between the male resting sites depended on their body mass. For males, temperature had significant influence on the pattern of resting site choice for the following day, while for females this relationship was not found. Individuals of the same sex and overlapping home ranges did not use the same resting sites in the same season, except for a young male and an old female that were found in one resting site at the same time from mid-June to mid-August.
12

Factors affecting selection of resting site type by pine marten in primeval deciduous forests [Bialowieza National Park, Poland]

67%
Zalewski A.
Acta Theriologica
|
1997
|
tom 42
|
nr 3
The resting site choice of 14 pine martens Marten martes (Linnaeus, 1758) (6 males and 8 females) in Białowieża National Park (BNP), north-eastern Poland, was analysed. The radio-collared martens were located 1,790 times in 877 different resting sites. For both males and females, arboreal resting sites (cavity and nest) constituted over 95% of the resting events. Cavities were used more frequently than nests. Resting site use differed significantly between sexes and seasons. Females rested in nests less often than males (especially in spring), but selected cavities more frequently than did males. Females with young chose only cavities, whereas non-breeding females often rested in nests. Weather conditions influenced the choice of resting sites in various months. For males, temperature was a significant factor from October to May, for females from December to March and in June-July. Martens rested in nests when mean ambient temperatures were higher, in cavities or on the ground when tempera­tures were lower. In summer and winter, when average humidity was high males often rested in cavities or places on the ground. When winds were strong or snow cover was deep, martens chose ground sites. In years of high squirrel density, frequency of nest use by marten increased. During severe winters, frequency of use of ground sites increased. Oak, lime, and spruce trees were frequently used by martens (males - 85.7% and female - 70.6% of all resting sites). Males rested in spruce more often than females, while females used oak and lime more often than males. Martens selected lime and oak, and avoided hornbeam trees. Literature on winter resting sites of pine martens in Europe was reviewed. It was shown that in northern Europe martens rested primarily on the ground. In the temperate zone, martens used cavities in trees (eastern Europe) on nests (western Europe).
13

Evolutionary history of the sable (Martes zibellina brachyura) on Hokkaido inferred from mitochondrial Cytb and nuclear Mc1r and Tcf25 gene sequences

51%
Ishida K., Sato J. J., Kinoshita G., Hosoda T., Kryukov A. P., Suzuki H.
Acta Theriologica
|
2013
|
tom 58
|
nr 1
We examined sequence variation in mitochondrial and nuclear genes of seven species of the genus Martes (Mustelidae, Carnivora): Martes americana (American marten), Martes flavigula (yellow-throated marten), Martes foina (beech marten), Martes martes (pine marten), Martes melampus (Japanese marten), Martes pennanti (fisher) and Martes zibellina (sable), focusing on the phylogenetic history of the Hokkaido subspecies of the sable, Martes zibellina brachyura. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene confirmed the view that the Hokkaido sable population has lower genetic diversity. In contrast, network analysis of a nuclear gene related to coat colour, melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r), revealed two different haplogroups for this population: one shared with that of Russian sables and the other specific to this population but with a close relationship with the American and Japanese martens, implying that these endemic haplotypes are composed of uncharacterised ancestral lineages of a past population. We also examined the sequence variation in a neighbouring nuclear gene, transcription factor 25 (Tcf25), located about 5 kb upstream from the Mc1r gene, and found similar trends. The sable genome leaves the impression that Hokkaido hosted ancient marten lineages, with subsequent recent migrations from the continent. The validity of a candidate Mc1r mutation for the entirely yellow coat observed on Hokkaido sables was also discussed.
14

Molecular characterization of arthropod-borne hematozoans in wild mammals from Brazil, Venezuela and Spain

51%
Criado-Fornelio A., Buling A., Casado N., Gimenez C., Ruas J., Wendt L., Rosa-Farias N., Pinheiro M., Rey-Valeiron C., Barba-Carretero J. C.
Acta Parasitologica
|
2009
|
tom 54
|
nr 3
187-193
A survey of Babesia, Theileria and Hepatozoon was conducted in wild mammals, including the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris; n = 14) from Brazil, the jaguar (Panthera onca; n = 2) and crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus; n = 4) from Venezuela, and the red deer (Cervus elaphus; n = 70), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris; n = 5) and Eurasian pine marten (Martes martes; n = 3) from Spain. Diagnostic procedures included both microscopy and molecular methods (PCR and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene). Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed no hematozoan infections — unlike the molecular analyses. Nine Brazilian capybaras were found to be infected with Hepatozoon canis (prevalence 64%), two of which were coinfected with a previously unknown babesid (prevalence 14%) loosely related to Theileria equi (90% 18S rRNA gene similarity according to BLAS® analysis). One jaguar and one crab-eating raccoon from Venezuela were infected by H. canis. Four of the red deer were infected with theilerids (5.7% prevalence), two with Theileria sp. and two with T. annulata. One red squirrel and three pine martens were infected with Hepatozoon sp. The isolate form the red squirrel was phylogenetically related to Hepatozoon sp. reported in Spanish bank voles, whereas those infecting the pine martens were related to Hepatozoon felis reported in Spanish cats. In conclusion, the molecular findings show that some non-canid mammals are carriers of H. canis in South America, while red deer may carry T. annulata in Europe. Small mammals in Europe appear to be unlikely hosts of H. canis and H. felis.
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