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Introduction. In the human skin exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, melanogenesis occurs in two stages, accompanied by urinary excretion of Thormalen-positive melanogen (TPM). In Poland, no data are available on the course and intensity of melanogonesis in relation to UV exposure in an industrial region. Material and methods. The Thormalen test was used for the collected samples (N=136) as modified by Matous and Suchoń. Results. Maximum environmental TPM content (0.67 μg/dm3) was observed in August. Conclusion. The time of UV exposure and local type of solar radiation promote melanogenesis.
Yellow plasmodia of the acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum irradiated with white light of 70 mmol m-2 s-1 fluence rate showed two distinct changes in their colour depending on the irradiation period: 1) depigmentation of plasmodia (photobleaching) - within a short-term (hours) exposure, and 2) plasmodia taking on an orange colour as a result of a long period (a few days) continuous exposure to radiation. Photobleached plasmodia transferred to the dark resynthetized the pigments and slowly, after about 10 hrs become yellowish and than, regained their yellow colour. General features of these pigments (extraction, solubility, absorption spectra) were comparable to those isolated from non-irradiated organisms. The pigments isolated from plasmodia subjected to a long period of irradiation differed qualitatively from those produced in the dark grown cultures. The general features of these pigments, e. g. solubility, absorption spectra, point to their being of the carotenoid type.
Acellular (true) slime moulds (Myxomycetes) are capable of a transition to the stage of sclerotium — a dormant form of plasmodium produced under unfavourable environmental conditions. In this study, sclerotia of Fuligo septica were analyzed by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The moulds were cultivated in vitro on filter paper, fed with oat flour, and kept until the plasmodia began to produce sclerotia. The obtained sclerotia differed in colour from yellow through orange to dark-brown. The EPR spectra revealed a free radical, melanin-like signal correlated with the depth of the colour; it was strongest in the dark sclerotia. Sclerotization only took place when the plasmodia were starved and very slowly dried. Only the yellow sclerotia were able to regenerate into viable plasmodia. This suggests that myxomycete cytoplasm dehydration is an active process regulated metabolically. Plasmodial sclerotization may therefore serve as a convenient model system to study the regulation of cytoplasmatic water balance, and sclerotia as a convenient material for EPR measurements, combining the quality of plasmodia with the technical simplicity of the measurements characteristic of dry spores. Darkening of the sclerotia is most probably a pathological phenomenon connected with the impairment of water balance during sclerotization.
The aim of this study was to identify the type of genetic determination of orange pigmentation and scale pattern in carp. The parental fish used in the experiment were obtained from crossing two breeding strains, i.e., the Polish Starzawa S strain with scaled phenotype and normal pigmentation and the Hungarian strain C with mirror scale pattern and orange pigmentation. The mating of the two parental pairs resulted in four groups of F1offspring that were reared in ponds. It was observed that the two traits were inherited independently. Two pairs of alleles at two gene loci determined fish pigmentation. The orange fish were double recessive aacc homozygotes. All of the spawners used in the experiment were double heterozygotes with respect to color and scaliness SsnnAaCc.
The presence of melanin in spleens of black C57BL/6 mice has been known for long. Although its origin and biological functions are still obscure, the relation of splenic melanin to the hair follicle and skin pigmentation was suggested. Here, we demonstrated using for the first time electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy that black-spotted C57BL/6 spleens contain eumelanin. Its presence here is a “yes or no” phenomenon, as even in the groups which revealed the highest percentage of spots single organs completely devoid of the pigment were found. Percentage of the spotted spleens decreased, however, with the progress of telogen after spontaneously-induced hair growth. The paramagnetic properties of the spleen eumelanin differed from the hair shaft or anagen VI skin melanin. The splenic melanin revealed narrower signal, and its microwave power saturability betrayed more heterogenous population of paramagnetic centres than in the skin or hair shaft pigment. Interestingly, the pigment of dry hair shafts and of the wet tissue of depilated anagen VI skin revealed almost identical properties. The properties of splenic melanin better resembled the synthetic dopa melanin (water suspension, and to a lesser degree – powder sample) than the skin/hair melanin. All these findings may indicate a limited degradation of splenic melanin as compared to the skin/hair pigment. The splenic eumelanin may at least in part originate from the skin melanin phagocyted in catagen by the Langerhans cells or macrophages and transported to the organ.
 Cancer chemotherapy is associated with serious side effects, including temporary hair loss and impairment of pigmentation. We suspect that ectopic melanin deposition occurring due to chemotherapy may add to these effects worsening the already unpleasant symptoms. We associated the ectopic occurrence of follicular melanin after chemotherapy with splenic melanosis - an interesting example of extradermal melanin localization - and we expected an increase in splenic melanin deposition after chemotherapy. Using the C57BL/6 murine model of synchronized hair cycle induced by depilation, we visualized splenic melanin by means of several histological and histochemical protocols of staining: hematoxylin and eosin, May-Grünwald-Giemsa and Fontana-Masson. Unexpectedly, the splenic deposition of melanin decreased due to application of cyclophosphamide (i.p. 120 mg/ kg body weight on day 9 post depilation). The drop was abrupt and lasted for at least 5 days (day 13-18 post depilation), as compared with normal hair cycle. Moreover, in mice with normal, depilation-induced hair cycle we observed a similar drop shortly before entering catagen (day 15 post depilation), followed by a slow and partial increase in splenic melanization up to day 27 post depilation in both groups. We conclude that cyclophosphamide negatively affects splenic melanization and/or extradermal transfer of ectopic melanin from the dystrophic hair follicles, but the most powerful down-regulator of splenic melanosis is normal and dystrophic catagen - the phase of hair follicle involution and re-modelling.
This study was conducted to identify the differences and similarities among three Japanese quail (JQ) lines (JQ lines: white, brown and wild-black) and the European quail (EQ). The qRT-PCR was used to determine the expression of growth related genes: growth hormone (GH) and Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), immune genes (Interleukins 1β, IL-1β, Interferon-α, IFN-α), pigmentation genes; dopachrome tautomerase, (Dct) and endothelin receptor type B2, (EdnrB2) in several quail tissues, while PCR-RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene was conducted in quail meat. Expression levels of the pigmentation related genes (Dct and EdnrB2) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the JQBr and EQ lines than in JQwh and they were comparable between JQbr and wild EQ. Expression levels of the growth related genes (GH and IGF-1) were significantly higher in 3 JQ lines than in EQ. No differences between all 4 quail lines were found in the expression of the immune related genes. In conclusion, the PCR-RFLP method may be used to distinguish between the Japanese and the European quail, which is important for breeding programs, labeling meat products and biodiversity studies.
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