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The aim of this study was to undertake a preliminary assessment of the groundwater quality of the West Thrace region. Forty groundwater samples collected from Edirne (Site 1) and Canakkale (Site 2) were assessed for their suitability for human consumption. Eight water samples (20%) had heterotropic plate counts exceeding the EU and Turkish Water Directive limit of 20 cfu/ml in drinking water and the maximum number of bacteria recorded as 44 cfu/ml. Total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, Enterococcus spp., Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected in 25%, 17.5%, 15%, 47.5%, 15%, 27.5% and 15% of the groundwater samples, respectively. Eleven (27.5%) samples exceeded the EU Water Directive value of 50 mg/l for nitrate, but 13 (32.5%) samples violated the Turkish standard of 45 mg/l nitrate in drinking water. pH values of all samples were between 5.5-8.5 limits. Conductivity of all samples were below Turkish and EU Water Directive levels. Five samples (12.5%) exceeded the Turkish Water Directive for total dissolved solids (TDS) in water.
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of gamma irradiation on the microbiological and physio-chemical characteristics of meatballs. Meatball samples were produced experimentally and divided into six subgroups. The first group (control group) was not subjected to an irradiation process, and the remaining groups were subjected to irradiation at doses of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 kGy. All groups were analyzed on days 0 (the day of irradiation process), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30. The study revealed a significant reduction in the microbiological flora of the meatballs in relation to gradual increases in irradiation dosage. Faecal coliform bacteria counts, coliform bacteria counts and S. aureus counts were eliminated after applying 2 kGy, 3 kGy and 7 kGy irradiation doses, respectively. During storage at 4±1 °C, the bacterial populations systematically increased. Compared to the control group, low dose irradiation did not significantly change pH values, but higher pH levels were determined during high doses of irradiation. Irradiation increased the peroxide levels, but this increase did not seem to correlate with irradiation dosage. FFA levels decreased in relation to increasing levels of irradiation dosage.
This study evaluated the effects of gas flaring on the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water sources at Egbema, Imo State, Nigeria. Surface and ground water samples from the area were compared with samples from Ihiagwa Autonomous Community in Owerri West, a non-gas flared community. Both water sources were then compared with WHO standards for drinking water. The results revealed that water sources from the gas flared area have high levels of temperature, total chlorine, nitrate, nitrites, sulphates, calcium, and zinc, chromium with a very acidic pH when compared with water from non-gas flared sources. Also, microbial load increased the farther the distance from the flare site. The human health imparts of the presence of heavy metals and microorganisms in drinking water had been reported. In conclusion, gas flaring can pollute water sources within oil and gas facilities, thereby making them unsuitable for human consumption. Oil and gas industries should therefore treat water within their areas of operations before discharged into water bodies in addition to other remediation measures as part of their social responsibility.
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