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This paper reviews collectors for atmospheric precipitation (rain, fog, and run-off water). Collection systems of a different degree of automation (from simple designs to highly automated costly collectors) are presented. In many papers on collecting atmospheric precipitation neither sampling procedures nor locations of sampling sites are given, although this information is necessary for producing correct and comparable results of physical and chemical analyses.
The present research aimed at defining the survival rate of faecal bacteria selected in the lessive soil fertilised with cattle slurry. The field trials over dry and moist summers involved slurry at the amount of 3 l.m-2 with the suspended matter of S. senftenberg, E. coli and faecal streptococci. Soil was sampled from different depths prior to the application of slurry, a week after the application, and then four times with monthly intervals. On average over the total soil profile over the dry period, the survival time of E. coli amounted to 17.7 weeks, faecal streptococci – 18.7, while Salmonella bacilli - 14.1 weeks. Over the moist period, it was much longer and amounted to 26.7, 25.9 and 19.9 weeks, respectively. A prevailing number of faecal bacteria were retained in the upper layers of soil profiles. Over the dry period microorganisms migrated to the depth of 43 cm, while over the moist period - to 70 cm.
Water fungi and fungus-like organisms as a biological factor of ecological water systems have significant influence on the environment and its modification. They decompose necrosis substrates found in water bodies. Fungi also can act as facultative parasites and then frequently occur on their hosts. The main aim of the present study is to investigate which of the fungi and straminipiles can grow on the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in the River Narewka and in natural ponds of Białowieża village. In order to isolate fungi and fungus-like organisms, fragments of adults and eggs from liver flukes were introduced as bait into samples from each water body. The occurrence and growth of aquatic fungi and fungus-like organisms on Fasciola hepatica was investigated in laboratory conditions. The liver fluke F. hepatica used in this study was collected from free-living European bisons, Bison bonasus, which were killed in Białowieża Primeval Forest. The adult liver fluke F. hepatica turned into the habitat for seventeen species of fungi and straminipiles. They were Achlya polyandra, A. prolifera, Apodachlya brachynema, Aphanomyces laevis, Ap. irregularis, Catenaria anguillulae, Dictyuchus monosporus, Leptolegnia caudata, Leptomitus lacteus, Pythium debaryanum, Sirolpidium zoophtorum, Saprolegnia diclina, S. glomerata, S. hypogyna, S. monoica, S. ferax and S. parasitica. Six fungal species such as Achlya prolifera, Aphanomyces irregularis, Myzocytium zoophthorum, Catenaria anguillulae, Saprolegnia ferax and S. parasitica were found on F. hepatica eggs. The majority of fungi which were marked on F. hepatica were animal parasites or necrotrophs (13).
In the article structure, staff, basic principles and field of activity of Technical Committee No. 38 on Fruit and Vegetable Products were described. Recent 2007-2009 plan of activity and its realization consisting of elaboration and amendment of Polish Standards by implementation of standards and opinions of international organizations were presented. Characteristics of 104 Polish Standards dealing with manufactured semi-and finished products (approx. 600 assortments, excl. alcoholic ones) and of 91 used in their quality verification were given. Importance of processing plants participation in standardization activity was emphasized.
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