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The aim of the study was to determine the impact of various photoperiods and stocking densities on the growth and survival of narrow-clawed crayfish larvae. The four-week rearing period was carried out in 50 dm³ tanks in a closed recirculating system. The tanks were stocked with larvae two weeks post hatch with an average body length of 11.2 ± 0.9 mm (TL) and weight of 32.3 ± 2.5 mg. There were three stocking densities (300, 600, and 1200 specimens m⁻² ) and two photoperiods (groups L - 24-hour illumination and groups D - 24-hour darkness). The crayfish were fed ad libitum every 12 hours with granulated feed (45% protein, 6-12% lipid). The experiment indicated that photoperiod had a significant impact (P < 0.05) on the crayfish survival rate, while stocking density impacted growth. Crayfish survival was almost two times higher with 24-hour illumination than it was with 24-hour darkness at each of the stocking densities. The survival and the growth rate of crayfish decreased as the initial stocking density increased. The final biomass of the crayfish stocks reared in 24-hour darkness was similar for each of the stocking densities applied, but the biomass of stocks reared with 24-hour illumination increased along with the stocking densities used. This indicates that it is possible to apply initial densities even greater than 1200 _2 specimens m⁻² during crayfish rearing with 24-hour pond illumination.
Control of flower induction is one of the most important aims in the floriculture industry as it determines the usefulness of plants for cross-pollination and production of flowering plants. The Kalanchoë genus contains around 140 species and numerous interspecific hybrids with a broad range of morphological traits, which makes this genus one of the most cultivated potted plants in the world. Commercial cultivars are easily induced to flowering by short days photoperiod, however, the number of species used for breeding is limited due to the lack of knowledge of flower inducing factors. Many studies suggested that cold night temperature can positively affect flowering in some Kalanchoë species. This study aimed to evaluate flowering in K. prittwitzii, K. marmorata and K. longiflora exposed to different night temperatures (6°C, 12°C and 18°C) combined with short day photoperiod (8 h). K. prittwitzii exhibited 100% flowering in all treatments, and flowering was enhanced by low night temperatures. K. marmorata had minimal flowering response to the treatments and K. longiflora did not flower in any of the treatments. The results support a postulate that interaction between different stimuli is required for flower induction in Kalanchoë species and demonstrate that night temperature can modify the flowering response. Therefore, the interaction between different factors during the plant life cycle requires further investigation.
The effects of temperature (20°C, 25°C, 30°C) and photoperiod (16D:8N, 12D:12N, 8D:16N) on larval body weight, food consumption, egg production, and survival of Gastroidea viridula Deg. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were determined. Temperatures and photoperiods affected insect development time, larval body weight, and survival. Larvae continued development while 60 days at temperature of 20°C and photoperiod of 8D;16N, but only while 30 days at 30°C, 16D:8N and 12D:12N. Photoperiod not affected the oviposition period and number of eggs produced. Results show that both temperature and photoperiod significantly affects larval body weight and survival.
The aim of this study was to describe plasma melatonin (MLT) profiles in mares from spring equinox to summer solstice. Two experiments were performed on 19 warm-blood mares: the first in a veterinary clinic and the second in a stable without electricity and located outside a village. In the first experiment, blood samples were collected at 2-h intervals during 50-h periods in March, April, May, June, and July. In the second experiment blood samples were drawn at 2-h intervals for 26 h in March. Plasma concentrations of MLT were measured by direct RIA. The mean plasma MLT level showed significant (P≤0.05) time-dependent changes in horses sampled in March, April, May, June, and July. In experiment I, the mean level of MLT was significantly elevated (compared to the day-time values at 12.00, 16.00, and 18.00) between 20.00 and 04.00 in March, and between 22.00 and 04.00 in April and May, between 24.00 and 04.00 in June and July. Therefore it could be concluded that the duration of the elevated MLT level reflects the length of scotophase, and merits consideration as an important signal in seasonal regulation of reproductive activity. Individual profiles of MLT level were well-entrained in the majority of animals studied in experiment I and in all individuals used in experiment II. The concentrations of plasma MLT varied between mares; however, in the vast majority of individuals, the plasma concentration of MLT was low compared to other mammalian species.
The trait flowering time regulated by genes determining alisation and photoperiod sensitivity was used as an example for presenting data on comparative major gene and QTL mapping within the Triticeae. The major genes are shown to be members of homoeologous series. Furthermore it was demonstrated that in genome regions carrying major genes also QTLs for the same traits were detected.
Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass), a perennial grass native to the coastal marshes of eastern America, is widely distributed in northern China since 1979 of its introduction. In the tidal marshlands of north China, S. alterniflora has displaced native species and is presently dominant member of the community owing to its opportunistic characteristics. In this study we investigated S. alterniflora seed germination responses to different temperatures, between 5–25ºC in one thermoperiod (16/26ºC) and in two light treatments – 10/14h (night/day) photoperiod and dark conditions. Variations of seed germination at different storage temperatures and storage duration were also examined. In addition, the effect of different salt concentrations on seed germination was evaluated. The optimal temperature for germination was 25ºC and 16/26ºC (night/day) thermo-period – germination percentage was greater than 90%. Light intensity had no influence on the percent of seed germination and germination indices when seeds were exposed to identical temperatures. At 120 d of storage and -5, 0, and 5ºC temperatures, germination percentage exceeded 75%. The optimal salinity level for seed germination was 150 mM NaCl. Germination percentages were highest (> 90%) when salinity did not exceed 450 mM NaCl. The ability of S. alterniflora seeds to germinate under a wide range of temperature and light conditions resulted in continued seedling development under high salinity.
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