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The persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a rare anatomical variant where the internal iliac artery and the axial artery of the embryo provide the major supply of the lower limb, the superficial femoral artery being usually poorly developed or absent. We describe an extremely large right PSA in a 79-year-old male cadaver during a medical gross anatomy course, with simultaneous existence of a hypoplastic superficial and deep femoral artery. The PSA, which was a continuation of the anterior division of the right internal iliac artery, entered the buttock through the greater sciatic foramen situated in the gluteal region laterally to the sciatic nerve and in the mid thigh medially to the same nerve, becoming in the popliteal fossa the popliteal artery. Neither the superficial nor the deep femoral artery had communication with the popliteal artery. Because the PSA in our study was the only blood supply to the lower limb, we present the embryologic origins and the clinical anatomy of this artery.
Studies on the soil seed banks of fallow lands of different ages were carried out on poor soil abandoned fields and in a fresh coniferous forest in north-eastern Poland. The size and diversity of seed banks was studied with the seedling emergence method. Species abundance (i), density (ii), number of species from different biological groups (iii) and distribution and mean LI value (iv) were analysed as the function of fallow land age. It was found that: (i) species diversity, number of species and ln of density are linear declining function of the fallow land age; (ii) for approx. 25 years the share of diaspores of identified species groups has been relatively similar. Seed banks of 40-50-year-old fallow lands are dominated by Calluna vulgaris, while the seed bank of the old fresh coniferous forest is dominated by dicotyledonous perennials and grasses; (iii) within the first 50 years of succession the persistence of seed banks measured by the Longevity Index increases gradually.
Historically, the distribution of fishers (Martes pennanti) in North America included portions of eastern North Dakota, USA; however, the population was reported to have become extirpated by the early 1900s. Verified reports, road-killed and incidentally trapped individuals, indicate that fishers have been re-establishing populations in riparian forests (the only areas with substantive forest cover in the region) over the last 10 years. During the summers of 2008 (16 Jun–1 Aug) and 2009 (1 Jun–18 Aug), we conducted presence–absence sampling using remote cameras and enclosed track-plates to determine the distribution of fishers along 237 km of the Red River of the North in North Dakota. Between sampling events, the Red River experienced an extreme flood with peak flooding above major flood stage, which inundated all riparian forests within the study area from approximately 23 Mar–22 May. Because of the severity of the flood, we anticipated that fishers could have perished or been displaced from much of the study area, resulting in lower detection rates in 2009 than 2008. However, fishers were detected throughout the study area during both years and, unexpectedly, detection rates were higher in 2009 than 2008 (28 out of 35 sites [80%] and 25 out of 57 sites [44%], respectively). Our study demonstrates that fishers existing in what traditionally would have been considered marginal habitat for the species were able to persist following a severe, multi-month flood that inundated >95% of the forest habitat.
Ability of five strains of Trichoderma pseudokoningii (antagonists) to suppress radial growth of Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (=Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) was examined i n vi tro. These were T. pseudokoningii strain1 (IMI 380933), strain2 (IMI 380937), strain3 (IMI 3809 39), strain4 (IMI 380940) and strain5 (IMI 380941). Each strain was paired with pathogen by inoculating at opposite ends of 9 cm petri plates using three pairing methods. Gradings were assigned to varied growth inhibition of pathogen by antagonists and analysed using GLM procedure (SAS). Growth suppressionof F. verticillioides by all strains of T. pseudokoningii was significantly different (R2 =0.98, p=0.05) from control in all pairing methods. It differed significantly (p>0.0003) among the strains in all pairing methods. Growth suppression also differed significantly among (p>0.0001) and within (p>0.018) pairing methods. Growth suppression was best when antagonists were inoculated before pathogen. Suppression mechanisms include mycoparasitism and competition for space and nutrients. T. pseudokoningii strains 3 and 4 had the best (p=0.05) growth suppressionof F. verticillioides and could be used as biocontrol agents for endophytic F. verticillioides in maize plant. This experiment was conducted in the search for resident microorganisms that might be capable of checking F. verticillioides withinmaize plant by competitive exclusion in subsequent experiments.
The research was conducted on four patches of thermophilous oak wood in Białowieża Primeval Forest: A – with a woodstand: oak + approx. 30-year-old hornbeam + hornbeam brushwood; B – with a hornbeam stand formed by natural seed fall after logging (ca. 1920) oaks; C – after logging oaks and replanted (ca. 1965) with pine and oak; D – with a natural low-density oak stand. Species composition and seed bank density were estimated using the seedling emergence method. Seedling emergence was observed over two vegetation seasons. Research demonstrated that: 1) the species abundance of the seed banks depends on canopy cover (A, B approx. 50 species; C, D approx. 70 species); 2) the floristical similarity (Sørensen’s index) of the seed bank and ground vegetation is higher in the undisturbed patch D (0.50) than in disturbed patches (0.30-0.35); 3) species diversity in plots A, B, C, D (H’=12.5; 13.4; 15.5; 16.9) and seed bank density per m2 (432.5; 958.0; 1486.5; 2268.0) are negatively correlated with the degree of patch shading; 4) the average weight of diaspores in the seed banks of shady plots is lower (A, B approx. 0.003 g) than that of sunny plots (C, D approx. 0.08 g); 5) the share of long-lived diaspores increases in patches after logging.
MCPA is the phenoxyacid herbicide widely used for weed control in cereals in Slovakia. However, little is known on the processes governing the environmental fate of MCPA in soils from Slovakia. Laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the sorption, desorption, degradation, and leaching behavior of MCPA in two agricultural soils with high sand content and different soil organic carbon content. The extent of MCPA sorption was higher in chernitsa than that in regosol, in accordance with the higher organic carbon content of the former soil than the latter. MCPA was readily desorbed from soils with 10 mmol l⁻¹ CaCl₂ solution with the desorption rate ranging from 44.5 to 77.5% of the sorbed MCPA. The half-life values showed that the degradation of MCPA was fast in chernitsa (t1/2 = 2.2 days) and almost six times faster than in regosol (t1/2 =11.7 days). Leaching tests, performed in manually packed soil columns, indicated that MCPA was more mobile in regosol than in chernitsa with 16.44% of the applied MCPA recovered in the leachates of regosol, and 1.12% found in the leachates of chernitsa. Thus, differences in the leaching behavior of MCPA coincided well with the results of the batch sorption and degradation experiments.
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