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Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction. Clinical symptoms are caused by weakness and increased fatigability of various muscle groups. Myasthenia may lead to significant respiratory dysfunction. The aim of our study was to estimate lung function in children with MG. We tested 23 non-smoking patients (18 girls and 5 boys) aged 7-18 years. Whole-body plethysmography and spirometry were performed in all patients. In 33% of the patients a decrease in VC <80% of predicted value was observed (VC = 89 ±19%), but the analysis of TLC revealed restrictive pattern only in one patient (TLC = 102 ±17%). In more than 75% of the children the value of RV above 120% of predicted value was found (RV = 146 ±54%). Spirometric obstructive pattern measured by FEV1%VC <70% was not observed, although in 56% of the patients airway resistance was increased (Raw = 132 ±44%). In 45% of the patients a decrease of PEF (76 ±14%) was observed. In MG children true restrictive pulmonary impairment is rarely observed and a decrease in VC in these patents seems to result mainly from functional restriction provoked by an increase in RV. Spirometry is not an optimum method to assess functional changes in MG patients. The assessment of additional measures such as TLC, RV, and Raw is desirable.
The 53-year-old woman was initially diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, despite the fact that she did not really meet the clinical criteria. Her only symptoms were clumsiness and weakness of the right extremities. Being a veterinary research worker she had been exposed to infectious material. In 1995, she was diagnosed with ELISA as having toxoplasmosis and treated as such. In 2002, after the infectious, flu-like disease, she revealed arthritis and drowsiness, also with memory and language impairment. The patient continued to have symptoms consistent with previously examined clumsiness. She was diagnosed with Lyme via ELISA and PCR, and treated. She made a full recovery from acute symptoms. After a few months, neurological and neuropsychological examinations were performed. On the background of mild cognitive decline apraxia and difficulties of attention were noted as the main problems. A apraxia of the right hand complicated the patient's life and depreciated her quality of life. The patient underwent MRI examination. FSE, FAST and FLAIR sequences were made. The MRI demonstrated the appearance of several small hyperintense lesions in the white matter of the left and right frontal and left parietal lobe. These lesions were typical of the post-inflammatory leucoencephalopathy. Additionally, a ring-shaped, low-intensity lesion in the posterior part of the left parietal lobe was noticed. The lesion was 8 mm in diameter and described to be an old toxoplasmosis lesion. The patient had been treated and the symptoms consistent with Lyme disease resolved. Patient continues to have symptoms consistent with focal destruction of the parietal lobe. Over the past six months, she has not progressed and relapsed in a manner that is consistent with MS.
In three human foetuses aged 15, 17, and 23 weeks the number of axons surrounded by single Schwann cells was counted. These Schwann cell/axon complexes form the Schwann units. The largest Schwann units in the foetus aged 15 weeks contained 232 axons, in the foetus of 17 weeks the number was 140 and in the foetus of 23 weeks the largest units contained 65 axons.
The study was conducted on sexually mature female dogs. The extirpation of the different parts (both homs and body) of the uterus was performed. After 21 days, the following material for examination was collected: the brain stem, the thoraco-lumbo-sacral part of the spinal cord with its all spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain and also the ganglia and nerve plexuses of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The experiments produced retrograde changes in nerve cells of the central and peripheral nervous system in the experimental animals. The comparison of the localization of retrograde changes in the neurons of the experimental animals and those of the control animal provided the basis for tracing the localization of the nerve cells which are the source of the nerve fibres supplying the horns and body of the uterus. The observations performed establish that these fibres are of multisource origin.
Molecular probes were generated to study the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), choline acetyltrans- ferase (ChAT), galanin (GAL), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the peripheral nervous system of the pig with in situ hybridization. Application of the probes to the sections from the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in control animals revealed numerous neurons displaying a hybridization signal for TH, while less numerous nerve cells exhibited the hybridization signal for GAL and ChAT. In the spinal ganglia L1-L3 the hybridization signal for SP and CGRP was detected in the vast majority of neurons, while the hybridization signal for ChAT was found in much smaller population of ganglionic nerve cells. After injection of retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) into the porcine ovary and subsequent ovariectomy, FB-positive neurons were detected in the ipsilateral IMG and spinal ganglia L1-L3. Application of a molecular probe for GAL to sections from IMG in ovariectomized animals revealed that the majority of FB-positive neurons displayed the hybridization signal what may suggest increased de-novo synthesis of the peptide in the injured neurons.
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