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Productivity of plants is determined by multiple factors that directly affect one another, therefore yield variability may be high and difficult to predict. Most often, however, a lower crop yield is achieved in the notillage system than in the ploughing system. An exact field experiment was undertaken to determine the yield and chemical composition of pea seeds sown under conditions of: 1) conventional tillage – CT (shallow ploughing and harrowing after the harvest of previous crop, pre-winter ploughing in winter); 2) reduced tillage – RT (stubble cultivator after the harvest of previous crop); and 3) herbicide tillage – HT (only glyphosate after the harvest of previous crop). A cultivation unit was applied on all plots in the springtime. Pea seed yield was higher by 14.1% in the CT than in the RT system and by 50.5% than in the HT system. The CT system was increasing the plant number m–2, number of pods and seeds m–2, seed mass per plant, and 1000 seeds mass, compared to the other systems. Protein content of seeds was at a similar level in all analyzed tillage systems, but was affected by the study year. In turn, the mineral composition of seeds was determined by both tillage system and study year. The seeds harvested from CT plots contained more phosphorus and iron, those from RT plots – more calcium and zinc, whereas those from HT plots – more phytate-P, potassium, magnesium, and copper, compared to the seeds from the other plots
The effect of explant type on somatic embryogenesis induction in Pisum sativum (cv. Oskar and an unregistered line HM-6) was studied. Shoot apices, leaf primordia, and epicotyl fragments of axenically grown, etiolated seedlings, as well as embryonic axes and cotyledon fragments isolated from zygotic embryos at different stages of development, were used as explants. Somatic embryogenesis was induced essentially as described by Griga in 1998 – MS salts and sucrose, B5 Gamborg vitamins, picloram (2.5 μM). After induction period (14 days) all cultures were transferred to the differentiation medium (basal medium as above, auxin omitted). Both in Oskar and HM-6, only shoot apices developed somatic embryos and (with significantly lower frequency) adventitious shoots.
A linkage map of pea was constructed based on a 104 RIL population derived from the cross combination Wt10245 x Wt11238. The map, which consisted of 204 morphological, isozyme, AFLP, ISSR, STS, CAPS and RAPD markers, was used for interval mapping of the QTLs controlling the stem length and internode number of pea. In the characterization of a given QTL, we included an identification of its position with reference to the flanking markers, an estimation of the part of variance explained by it, and a determination of gene action. Six QTLs per trait were identified as demonstrating linkage to ten intervals on five linkage groups. As many as seven QTLs influencing the analysed traits were mapped on linkage group II, indicating the important role of this region of the pea genome in plant height control.
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