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Subject and purpose of work: The article analyses the influence of optional instruments applied in Poland as part of the first pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy on the average support provided to farms in individual provinces. Materials and methods: The study was based on data from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture as well as quantitative and analytical methods, especially simulations and comparative variant analysis. Results: The optional instruments applied in Poland increased the average support provided to farms in central and eastern Poland. The average amount of support paid per farm would have been bigger in northern, western and southern provinces if optional instruments had not been implemented. Primarily, the introduction of both redistributive payment and production-related support (all forms of this support taken together) resulted in a decrease in the average aid per holding in the same group of provinces and at the same time an increase in this size in other provinces (compared to the situation in which the amounts for financing these instruments would be distributed under the single area payment). Conclusions: The analysis of the influence of redistributive payment and coupled support on the average amount of financial aid per farm in individual provinces shows that the consequences of using these instruments were very similar to each other in their effect on the variable under study.
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Impacts of modulation for direct payments in Hungary

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The redeployment of subsidies through modulation was a new element in the system of Hungarian agricultural support in the premium year of 2012. In harmony with EU principles, it has become possible (within Hungarian implementation) to create a system which enables the radical moderation of actual volumes of subsidy redeployment resulting from modulation. The basis of model calculations was created by the finalized data of ARDA about payments in the premium year of 2011. Following the running of calculations, it can be confirmed that the implementation of the Hungarian method has resulted in reduced payments only in the case of 2% of all farmers eligible for direct subsidies, and about 10% of those who are actually involved in payment reduction.
Between 2014 and 2020 there have been substantial rearrangements within the Common Agricultural Policy, which – in harmony with the former reform phases of CAP – has aimed to implement real conceptual and technical changes in the system of direct subsidies and market measures. As a result of this process, the system of subsidies coupled to production could be extended in Hungary, too. This new approach, which was totally different from the previous reform phases, does not restrict, but rather expands the possible amount and areas of implementation. This, in many cases, may result in a number of favourable impacts for the beneficiary sectors. Sectors, which have not received any EU subsidies before, can be supported and the member states have substantial say in forming the conditions according to their needs. In general, it is still a question, what effects can be expected, what actual consequences of the measures can be quantified on the basis of the currently available information. Following these, the main goal of this paper is to characterize the consequences of the coupled support payment by the soy production.
The state and dynamics of lease land relations as the most common manifestation of market relations in Ukraine are analyzed. Some aspects of theoretical foundations of these relations and their effectiveness are considered. The results of the comparative characteristics of land relations organization on the basis of private ownership of land and its lease are presented. The influence of the lease form of land relations on the effectiveness of agricultural enterprises functioning is shown. The basic features of modern land use on lease basis in the agrarian sector of Ukraine are pointed out. The results of the analysis of the international experience of the lease relations are provided. Steps as for the improvement of lease land relations aimed at increasing of their effectiveness are grounded.
This paper presents in its first part the basis of interventionism in agriculture. It presents currently existing system of support for organic orchards in Poland and EU and proposed changes. In the empirical part, the paper presents the economical situation of Polish fruit-growing farms in respect to other farms according to FADN data (Farm Accountancy Data Network). It has been ascertained that agri-environmental payments answer for 32% of those farms’ income, which is an amount approximate to other farm types. A proposition of change in organic orchard farms’ subsidies has no basis in regard to economical situation of those farms and can cause unfavorable fallout for them and their surroundings. Because of many flaws in the system of these subsidies, it is needful to intensify the control by Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA)
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